Classification of Organisms Chapter 17 Classification of Organisms

Taxonomy Taxonomy – the science of grouping organisms according to presumed natural relationships

History of Classification Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first person to classify nature. Aristotle classified organisms into plant or animal. Plants were classified by their stem difference into grasses, bushes or trees. Animals were classified by air, land or water.

Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus – (1707-1778) Swedish naturalist father of binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature – 2 name system that became the modern scientific method of naming organisms. First name Genus, Second name species – first name Capitalized, second name lower case. Genus, species Examples: Canus lupus, Homo sapiens

Common language of educated people Linnaeus used Latin Common language of educated people http://www.nhm.ac.uk/visit-us/galleries/darwin-centre/live/qt/linnaeus-hi.html

Levels of Classification Structurally similar – species Similar species – genus Similar genera – family Similar families – order Similar orders – class Similar class - phylum (animal like) or division – (plant like) Similar phylum – kingdom Similar kingdoms - domain

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Daring King Paul called out for good soup These are the 8 major levels of classification – each group or level becomes smaller and smaller or more and more select.

Additional levels Subspecies – morphologically different, geographically separated Strain – biochemically dissimilar Variety – morphologically different, not geographically separated

How to Classify Morphology Biological Species Concept – BSC Biochemistry Phylogeny – Phylogenic tree -344-345 Embryology Chromosomes

Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of Organisms

Six Kingdoms

Biosystemics When analyzing the diversity of organisms and their natural relationships Considering all fossil, biochemical, morphological, etc similarities when classifying organisms.

Modern Classification System Six kingdoms – based on cell structure, tissue structure, nutritional requirements, and developmental patterns

Kingdom and Domain Characteristics

Eubacteria All true bacteria, single celled prokaryotic organisms. Unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic.

Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria -single celled prokaryotic organisms. Unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic

Protista Mostly single celled eukaryotic organisms. Heterotrophic and autotrophic http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/paramecium/28k/paramecium08.html

Fungi Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Heterotrophic.

Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic organisms. Autotrophic. http://www.clipstr.com/videos/RealFlowerBlooming/

Animalia Multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Heterotrophic.

Dichotomous Key Identification key that uses two or more descriptive choices to help name and identify an organism Example: The organism is green go to A The organism is not green go to B A the organism is a green algae B the organism is not a green algae

Dichotomous Key Vocabulary Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Radiating Spines Elongated External covering soft External covering hard Bristles

Antennae Appendages Feelerlike

Branched

References Modern Biology Modern Biology Resources: Ch17/60309.html Campbell’s Biology Websites: http://www.clipstr.com/videos/RealFlowerBlooming/ http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/paramecium/28k/paramecium08.html

Multiple Choice 1. Which information is given in a species name? Chapter 17 Multiple Choice 1. Which information is given in a species name? A. genus and order B. division and genus C. genus and species identifier D. species identifier and phylum

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which information is given in a species name? A. genus and order B. division and genus C. genus and species identifier D. species identifier and phylum

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Multiple Choice, continued 2. To which level of classification does a group of closely related species of organisms belong? F. class G. order H. genus J. kingdom

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Multiple Choice, continued 2. To which level of classification does a group of closely related species of organisms belong? F. class G. order H. genus J. kingdom

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Multiple Choice, continued 3. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and secrete digestive enzymes belong to which kingdom? A. Fungi B. Plantae C. Protista D. Animalia

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Multiple Choice, continued 3. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and secrete digestive enzymes belong to which kingdom? A. Fungi B. Plantae C. Protista D. Animalia

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 4. class : order :: kingdom : A. genus B. domain C. species D. phylum

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 4. class : order :: kingdom : A. genus B. domain C. species D. phylum

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Multiple Choice, continued Use the diagram below to answer question 5. The diagram represents the eight levels of classification.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which level of classification represents a species? F. A G. C H. D J. G

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 17 Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which level of classification represents a species? F. A G. C H. D J. G