Microbial World and You Chapter 1

What is Microbiology? w Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye w Bio - life w ology - study of

Organisms included in the study of Microbiology w 1. Bacteria w 2. Protozoans w 3. Algae w 4. Parasites w 5. Yeasts and Molds Fungi w 6. Viruses w Bacteriology w Protozoology w Phycology w Parasitology w Mycology w Virology Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs

5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms w 1. Animalia w 2. Plantae w 3. Fungi w 4. Protista w 5. Monera - Bacteria and Cyanobacteria w Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic

5 Characteristics of Life w 1. Cells w 2. Maintain structure by taking up chemicals and energy from the environment w 3. Respond to stimuli in the external environment w 4. Reproduce and pass on their organization to their offspring w 5. Evolve and adapt to the environment

Taxonomic Classification w Kingdom w Phylum w Class w Order w Family w Genus w species w Man w Animalia w Chordata w Mammalia w Primate w Hominidae w Homo w sapien

Taxonomic Classification w Kingdom w Phylum w Class w Order w Family w Genus w species w Cat w Animalia w Chordate w Mammalia w Carnivora w Felidae w Felis w domestica

Binomial System of Taxonomic Classification w Use only the Genus and species w Homo sapien w Felis domestica w Escherichia coli w Genus and species are either underlined or italicized w Genus is always capitilized w species is never capitilized

Classification System w 3 Domains 1978 Carl Woese 1. Bacteria Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing peptidoglycan 2. Archaea Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan in cell wall 3. Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Bacteria - what comes to mind? w Diseases w Infections w Epidemics w Food Spoilage w Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human diseases w About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases w 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens

Microbes Benefit Humans w 1.Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environment (sewage treatment plants) w 2. Microbes produce various food products cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olives yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread Beer, Wine, Alcohol

3. Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics w Penicillin w Mold Penicillium notatum w 1928 Alexander Fleming

4. Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs, but cannot synthesize w Example: E. coli B vitamins - for metabolism Vitamin K - blood clotting w Escherichia coli Dr. Escherich Colon (intestine)

5. Biochemistry and Metabolism w Very simple structure w rapid rate of reproduction w provides “instant” data

6. Microbial Antagonism w Our normal microbial flora prevents potential pathogens from gaining access to our body

7. Insect Pest Control w Using bacteria to control the growth of insects w Bacillus thuringiensis caterpillars bollworms corn borers

8. Bioremediation w Using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes w Exxon Valdez w 2 Genera Pseudomonas sp. Bacillus sp.

9. Recombinant DNA Technology Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering w Bacteria can be manipulated to produce enzymes and proteins they normally would not produce Insulin Human Growth Hormone Interferon

10. Microbes form the basis of the food chain w Marine and fresh water microorganisms

Microbes do benefit us, but they are also capable of causing many diseases w PneumoniaWhooping Cough w Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles w Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps w Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1 w Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2 w Meningitis Tetanus RMSV w Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS w Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene

History of the Study of Microorganisms w 1665 Robert Hooke “little boxes” - “cells” Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek st person to actually see living microorganisms “wee animalcules”

Spontaneous Generation w Theory that life just “spontaneously” developed from non-living matter w Example: toads, snakes and mice - moist soil flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh

Experiments to disprove Spontaneous Generation w Francesco Redi 1668 w Rudolph Virchow 1858 Theory of Biogenesis Cells can only arise from preexisting cells w Louis Pasteur 1861

Pasteur designed special “swan-necked flasks” with a boiled meat infusion Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped dust particles which may contain microbes

Germ Theory of Disease w Hard for people to believe that diseases were caused by tiny invisible “wee animalcules” w Diseases, they thought, were caused by: demons witchcraft bad luck the wrath of God curses evil spirits

Robert Koch - 1st to prove that bacteria actually caused diseases w 1876 w Microbial Etiology of Infectious Disease etiology - the cause of a disease w Established “scientific rules” to show a cause and effect relationship between a microbe and a disease Koch’s Postulates

w 1. The same organisms must be found in all cases of a given disease. w 2. The organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. w 3. The isolated organism must reproduce the same disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible animal. w 4. The original organism must again be isolated from the experimentally infected animal.

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates 1. Some organisms have never been grown in pure culture on artificial media Treponema pallidum - Syphilis

Mycobacterium leprae Leprosy Never been grown in pure culture on artificial media Abdominal cavity of the Seven Banded Armadillo Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

w In exclusively human diseases, it is not morally acceptable to inoculate a deadly pathogen into a “human guinea pig” w HIV

Koch established the Microbial Etiology of 3 important diseases of his day w 1. Cholera (fecal-oral disease) Vibrio cholerae w 2. Tuberculosis (pulmonary infection) Mycobacterium tuberculosis w 3. Anthrax (sheep and cattle) Bacillus anthracis

Anthrax w Bacillus anthracis Gram (+), non-motile, aerobic, spore forming rod Streptobacilli with central spores Livestock Sheep, cattle, goats Humans Handle hides, wool, goat hair, handicrafts from the Middle East made from animal products

3 Forms of Human Anthrax w 1. Cutaneous Anthrax Enters thru cut or abrasion Results in painless ulcer (1-3 cm) with black (necrotic) center About 20% mortality rate in untreated cases

w 2. Gastrointestinal Anthrax Contaminated meat Abdominal pain, fever, vomiting blood, severe diarrhea 25% to 60% mortality rate

w 3. Inhalation Anthrax Initial symptoms resemble common cold Progress to severe breathing problems and shock Usually results in death 1-2 days after onset of acute symptoms Mortality rate 99% in untreated cases Treatment usually not effective after symptoms are present

Anthrax as a Biological Weapon w Deadly if not treated early w Spores can be produced in large quantities using basic knowledge of biology w Spores may remain viable for years (60 at least) w Spores can be spread Missiles, rockets, bombs, mail, crop dusters ? w No cloud or color w No smell w No taste w Antibiotics – only effective if administered early (within 24 –48 hours)

Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify culture media

Golden Age of Microbiology w Pasteur Pasteurization Fermentation w Joseph Lister Phenol to treat surgical wounds – 1 st attempt to control infections caused by microoganisms w Robert Koch Koch’s Postulates w Edward Jenner vaccination w Paul Erlich 1 st synthetic drug used to treat infections Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis “salvation” from Syphilis

Naming of Bacteria w Genus and species - Binomial System of Taxonomic Classification w Information usually given: 1. Describes an organism 2. Identifies a habitat 3. Honors a scientist or researcher

Bacterial Morphology w Bacilli w Cocci w Spiral

Arrangements w Staphylo w Strepto w Diplo w Sarcinae w Tetrad w Vibriocomma shaped w bacter bacilli w bacterium bacilli

w Staphylococcus aureus w Staphylococcus epidermidis w Streptococcus pneumoniae w Vibrio cholerae w Rhodospirillium rubrum w Bacillus subtilis w Micrococcus luteus w Escherichia coli w Bacillus anthrasis w Salmonella enteridis w Streptococcus pyogenes w Steptococcus lactis w Streptococcus faecalis w Erlichia canis w Campylobacter jujuni w Helicobacter pylori w Enterobacter aerogenes