Unit 6: Classification

Unit 6: Classification of Living Things 6.0 Classification: is the process of sorting organisms into groups based on similarities.

History of Classification 6.1 Aristotle: was the first scientist who developed a system of classification by dividing animals into 3 groups. (Walk, Fly, Swim) 6.2 Linnaeus: a scientist who based classification on structural similarities and started using Latin, which is the current system we use today.

6.3 There are 7 levels of classification. 6.4 From largest to smallest: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

6. 5 Kingdom includes the largest number of species 6.5 Kingdom includes the largest number of species. Each level below has fewer species. Species describes only 1 type of organism. Example: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Felis Species: catus

6.6 Scientist around the world name species based on the system called Binomial Nomenclature. 6.7 Binomial Nomenclature: is a system of naming things using two names for each type of organism. Example: Felis catus = cat

Felis catus 6.8 The two parts of a species’ name are called genus and species. 6.9 Genus: is a group of species that have similar characteristics. Ex: Felis 6.10 Species: the second part of the names a particular animal. Ex: catus

Genus Species Common Name Felis leo Lion Felis tigris Tiger Felis catus Cat

Classification of Humans Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

6.11 Branching diagrams and graphs show biological relationships between animals. 6.12 Branching diagram is a line drawing that shows how closely related animals are to one another.

6.13 Each line on a branching diagram shows one species. 6.14 A branch on a diagram that has split into two represents the evolution of a new species.

6.15 Cladogram: is a branching diagram that shows how traits are passed from common ancestors. 6.16 These traits give information about how the organism evolved.

6.17 Derived Characteristics: are traits that have been changed from an earlier condition through evolution.

6. 18 Scientist have developed a method 6.18 Scientist have developed a method to identify living things called a dichotomous key. 6.19 Dichotomous Key: is a tool used to identify organisms.

Dichotomous Key Example

6.20 There are 3 Domains: 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya 6.21 Domains is the highest level of classification.

6.22 There are 6 Kingdoms: Archae, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plants, Animals 6.23 Every living organism on Earth is sorted into one of these 6 kingdoms.

6.24 Kingdom Archae: Single cell without a nucleus and may live in boiling hot springs. 6.25 Kingdom Bacteria: Single cell without a nucleus.

6. 26 Kingdom Protista: Single celled with a nucleus 6.26 Kingdom Protista: Single celled with a nucleus. Ex: Paramecium, Amoeba, Kelp 6.27 Kingdom Fungi: Mushrooms and Molds

6.28 Kingdom Plants: Plants -Plants are multicellular -Plants store DNA in the nucleus. -Plants make sugar using the sun. -Plant cells have a cell wall.

6.29 Kingdom Animals: Animals -Animals have mouths and some type of nervous system. -Animals store DNA in the nucleus. -Animals get their energy by eating other organisms. -Animal cells don’t have a cell wall.

Kingdom: Bacteria 6.30 Bacteria are small and are a single cell without a nucleus, called prokaryotes. 6.31 Bacteria reproduce by dividing in two and reproduce in a short period of time.

6.32 Bacteria can be 3 different shapes: 1. Rod 2. Sphere 3. spiral 6.33 Bacteria live nearly everywhere on Earth. 6.34 Bacteria can help, harm, or have no effect on other organisms.

Helpful vs Harmful Bacteria 1. Used to make medicine (penicillin) 2. Helps digest food in stomach 3. Makes cheese, yogurt, buttermilk 4. Breaks down garbage and waste

6.36 Harmful: 1. Causes disease 2. Makes food spoil 3. Body odor / pimples 4. Cavities

Kingdom: Fungi 6.37 All Fungi are multicellular except for yeasts, which are single cell. 6.38 A fungus cell has a nucleus and a cell wall but no chloroplasts.

6.39 Fungi obtain energy by absorbing materials. 6.40 Fungi use chemicals to break down food outside of their bodies and then absorb their food. 6.41 Many fungi act as decomposers by breaking down dead or decaying material.

Kingdom: Plants 6.42 Vascular Plants: plants that have long tubelike structures. These structures move water and nutrients to parts of the plant.

Plants are Grouped into 3 Types: Bryophytes: are nonvascular, they were the first plants to live on land. Example: Mosses Vascular Seedless Plants: have a vascular system but no seeds. Example: Ferns

Vascular Seed Plants: have a vascular system but also have seeds for protecting and dispersing embryos. Examples: Trees and Flowering Plants

Kingdom: Animals 6.43 Zoology: The study of animals 6.44 There are about a million animals classified in the Animal Kingdom. More than 90% of the animals are classified as insects.

6.45 Invertebrate: Animals without a backbone. Examples: Jellyfish, Starfish, Snail 6.46 Vertebrates: Animals with a backbone. Examples: Fish, Dogs, Humans, Whales

Invertebrates 6.47 Mollusks: Invertebrates with soft bodies and a hard shell. Examples: Octopus, Snail, Clam, Squid

6.48 Arthropods: The largest animal phylum of invertebrates that have an exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed legs. Examples: Insects, Spiders, Crustaceans 6.49 Crustaceans: Invertebrates that have exoskeletons, jointed legs, and two pairs of antennae. ( Most live in water) Example: Crabs, Shrimp, Lobsters

6.50 Arachnids: Invertebrates that have exoskeletons, segmented body, and 8 legs. (Spiders) 6.52 Insects: Invertebrates that have exoskeletons and 3 pairs of jointed legs. Example: Ants, Beetles, Ladybug

Vertebrates = Chordata 6.53 Amphibians: Vertebrates that spend part of life underwater, part of life on land. Examples: Frogs and Toads 6.54 Reptiles: Cold-blooded vertebrates that have scales, breathe air, and lay eggs. Examples: Lizards and Crocodiles

6.55 Mammals: Warm-blooded vertebrates that have hair or fur and give birth to live young. Examples: Dogs, Whales, Humans

Types of Mammals Monotremes: Egg laying Mammals. Examples: Anteaters and Platypus 2. Marsupials: The young are born extremely immature and mothers have pouches. Examples: Koala and Kangaroo Placental Mammals: Before birth these animals get nourishment through their mother’s placenta. Examples: Dog, Horse, Human

Types of Mammalian Diets Herbivores: Plant Eaters (Horse, Cow) Carnivores: Meat Eaters (Tigers, Whales) Omnivores: Eat both Plants and Meat (Bears, Humans) 4. Insectivores: Eat Insects (Aardvarks, Anteaters)