Classification & Kingdoms

Why classify?  Is this a Mountain lion Puma Cougar Panther  Felis concolor

Why classify?  To study the diversity of life  To avoid confusion  To group organisms in a logical manner  To assign names

Classification 3 major traits used to classify organisms into the six kingdoms: 1) cell type a) prokaryotic – DNA is not surrounded by a membrane – No nucleus; has no membrane-bound organelles b) eukaryotic – has membrane-bound nucleus and organelles 2) method of obtaining food a) autotrophic – “self feeder”; makes its own food b) heterotrophic – gets its food from an outside source 3) reproduction & development a) sexual – involves union of gametes b) asexual – one organism makes identical copies (clones)

Taxonomy  Discipline of classifying organisms & assigning each organism a universally accepted name.  Biologist can be certain everyone is discussing the same organism.

LARGE to small  Start with a large general category & move to smaller more specific categories. High School Students Females  Sophomores

Assigning Scientific Names  First attempts at standard names often described the physical characteristics of a species in great detail.  This is a problem because the names were long and scientists described different characteristics.

Carolus Linnaeus  Swedish botanist  Lived during the 18 th century  Developed a naming system called binomial nomenclature  Considered the “Father of Taxonomy”

Binomial Nomenclature  Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.  Written in italics or underlined  First letter of the first word is capitalized and everything else is lowercase.  First word is genus-a group of closely related species  First plus the second word represents the species name

Binomial Nomenclature Grizzly Bear Polar Bear Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus

Linnaeus’s System of Classification  7 levels called Taxon (plural: taxa)  From largest (most broad) to smallest (most specific) Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Make a Mnemonic KPCOFGSKPCOFGS

Mnemonics  King Phillip Came Over For Grandma’s Soup  Kids Playing with Cars On Freeways Get Squashed.  Kids Playing Chicken On Freeways Get Smashed.  King Phillip called out for good soup.  King Philip came over from Germany swimming.  King Philip came over for good spaghetti.  Kings play chess on fat green stools.  Kings play cards on fairly good soft velvet. ("v" standing for "variety")  Kings possess crowns of fine gem stones.  Kenneth, please close our front gate soon.  Keep plates clean or family gets sick.  Killing people causes outbursts from general society.  Klingon phasers charge on fast gray ships.

Taxa  Kingdom-largest and most inclusive  Phylum-made of up several classes Chordata includes class Mammalia, class Aves (birds), class Reptilia, Class Amphibia, and all classes of fishes  Class-made up of similar orders Mammalia  Order-made up of similar families Carnivora

Taxa (cont)  Family-similar genera Ursidae-bears Canidae-dogs Felidae-cats  Genus-similar species  Species

Classification classification comparison of 2 different species: housecat leopard Kingdom Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Order Carnivora Carnivora Family Felidae Felidae Genus Felis Panthera Species Felis domesticus Panthera pardus

Dichotomous Key  Tool used to identify unfamiliar organisms  A series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms.  Hints: 1. Look at one thing at a time 2. Always start with the 1 st pair of statements

Evolutionary Classification  Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history  Example-members of a genus share a recent common ancestor

Cladogram  Diagram that shows these derived characteristics  Shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms  An evolutionary tree  Shows scientists where one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution

Cladogram

Six Kingdoms  Linneaus only had two kingdoms-Plantae and Animalia  Scientists then added three kingdoms Protista-microorganisms Fungi-mushrooms, yeasts, and molds Monera-bacteria that lack nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts  Scientists then separated Monera into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

3 Domains  A domain is more inclusive than a kingdom  Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria  Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria  Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Domain Archaea-Kingdom Archaebacteria  Unicellular  Prokaryotic-No nucleus  Many live in extreme / harsh environments (conditions)  Mostly autotrophic by chemosynthesis  Simplest cells  Examples: Methanogens, halophiles

Domain Archaea-Kingdom Archaebacteria

Domain Bacteria- Kingdom Eubacteria  Unicellular  Prokaryotic-no nucleus  Some autotrophs, others heterotrophs  May be pathogenic (disease-causing)  Reproduces asexually by binary fission  Include: E.coli, rickettsias, Staphlococcus

Domain Bacteria-Eubacteria

Domain Eukarya  All organisms must have a nucleus

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Protista  Eukaryotic-has a nucleus  Not an animal, plant, or fungi  Much variety – most diverse of the Kingdoms  Most single cell but some multi-cellular  Some autotrophs (w/ chloroplasts), some heterotrophs  Some cell walls with cellulose  Evolutionary link to all multicellular life  Mostly aquatic  Includes algae, paramecium, amoeba, euglena, diatoms, stentor

Domain Eukarya- Kingdom Protista

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Fungi  Eukaryotic-have a nucleus  Heterotrophs by absorbtion  Decomposers – break down matter  Some unicellular (yeast) but most are multicellular (mushrooms)  Cell wall with chitin  No locomotion (non-motile) don’t move

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Fungi

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Plantae  Eukaryotic-have a nucleus  Multicellular  Autotroph-obtain nutrition through photosynthesis  Has chloroplasts  Non-mobile-can’t move  Cell wall with cellulose

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Plantae

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Animalia  Eukaryotic-has a nucleus  Heterotrophs  Multicellular  No cell wall or chloroplast  Complex Cells  Have specialized cells  Most can move

Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Animalia