What is Biology? Why do we study Biology? How can we make learning biology (the study of living things) easier?

Classification

Science is tentative…

3 Domains of Life Archae Eu karya

Bi nomial nomenclature The 2 word naming system for classifying living organisms. Written in Latin. “Scientific name” –Genus species (capitalized & lower case) –Homo sapiensor Homo sapiens What is the correct classification of the domestic dog? A. Canis DomesticusD. Canis domesticus B. Canis domesticusE. canis Domesticus C. Canis domesticusF. canis domesticus

Classification of Organisms Biologists classify all organisms into large categories called domains. There are 3 domains that are further classified into kingdoms A kingdom consists of a collection of closely related phyla (singular phylum). A phylum is a group of related classes. A class is a group of related orders. An order is a group of closely related families having common characteristics. A family is a group of closely related genera (singular genus). Most genera are similar; some have noticeable differences. A genus is a group of closely related species. For example, the oak genus consists of pine oak, white oak, and many other oak species. Species is the basic (smallest) unit in the classification of organisms. It is a kind of organism, such as a dog or a sugar maple tree. Biologists do not agree on a single classification system. For example, some classify organisms into three, four, or five kingdoms.

What is a species? Species  agroup of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring

What is a dichotomous key? Dichotomous keys are commonly used to determine the genus and species of a specimen. They are particularly useful when many species look alike.

Choose your own adventure… What would you do if… … your flight to Paris was taken over by hijackers? If you volunteer yourself to be their hostage in order to save the other passengers go to page 112 Or if you wait to see what they would do go to page 239

Review Organization is the systematic grouping of things to show interrelationships. To develop an organizational outline, start with the largest category and subdivide into smaller categories. Classification, or taxonomy, is a systematic arrangement of organisms into categories based on their characteristics and interrelationships. Classification simplifies the identification and study of organisms according to their characteristics.

Select The Letter Of The Correct Answer From The List Below: A. species D. Category G. Domain B. class E. genus C. Kingdom F. Taxonomy 1.The largest category of classification is called a _________________. 2.A system of classifying organisms is called _________________. 3.The most specific category for classifying an organism is a ________________. 4.In any organizational plan, start with the largest _________________.

Review Domain Eu karya KingdomMajor Characteristics Animal Ingestive hetero trophic, multicellular, lack cell walls and chlorophyll. Plant Usually auto trophic, cell walls (cellulose), can be multicellular/unicellular. Protist Autotrophic/heterotrophic, usually unicellular, some form colonies, some have cell walls (pectin). Fungi Absorptive heterotrophic, lack chlorophyll, have cell walls (chitin).

Bacteria Archae Eukarya

Bacteria Archae Eukarya All Domains All living organisms All have the 10 COL Susceptible to viruses Extremophiles “ancient” organisms Most closely related to Eukarya All unicellular Bacteria Formerly known as Monerans Prokaryotes Common ancestor 3.5bya Circular chromosome Human beings All eukaryotic: membrane bound organelles 4 Kingdoms: protista, fungi, animalial, plantae Visible with naked eye Can be multicellular Usually live on and in human body Cell walls of peptidoglycan Growth inhibited by antibiotics Grow best at “body” temperatures 37oC Membranes have unbranched hydrocarbons Found in nonextreme environments Most closely related to each other Common ancestor more recent than 3.4bya

Cladogram- a branching tree used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships 1. Which 2 organisms separated the longest ago? Shark and ornithischian 2. What is the closest “relative” to a human on this cladogram? Wha le 3. What do you think the red dots on the cladogram represent? They are extinct 4. Which 2 groups separated earlier: tuna and ornithischian or bird and sourischian? tuna and ornithischian 5. Which is less related: a whale and a crocodile or the crocodile and ornithischian? whale and a crocodile

1. Which 2 organisms are the most related? B & C 2. How long ago did A & D split? 3 mya 3. Which organism is most related to G? F 4. Which 2 organisms are the LEAST related? A & G 5. Which 2 organisms are MORE related: D & E or E & G? E & G 6. Which 2 organisms are LESS related: A & D or D & F? D & F 7. Which 2 organisms split 8 mya? A & G