Bio. 230 --- Classification, Taxonomy, Nomenclature.

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Presentation transcript:

Bio Classification, Taxonomy, Nomenclature

Taxonomy / Systematics / Classify  What are Taxonomy* and Systematics*?  What is a Phylogenetic Survey?  What is Phylogeny*?  What is Ontogeny*?

Basic Classification Hierarchy* - DOMAIN - KINGDOM - DIVISION or PHYLUM - CLASS - ORDER - FAMILY - GENUS - SPECIES (many levels can have sublevels: e.g. subfamily)

Basic Classification Hierarchy - DOMAIN (Eukarya) - KINGDOM (Animalia) - DIVISION or PHYLUM (Chordata) - SUBPHYLUM (Vertebrata) - CLASS (Mammalia) - ORDER (Primate) - FAMILY (Hominidae) - GENUS (Homo) - SPECIES (Homo sapiens) (many levels can have sublevels: e.g. subfamily)

Taxon / Taxa  What is a TAXON* (pl. taxa)?????  NO ABSOLUTE way to determine if something should be a genus, a family or a phylum  Still there is much agreement as to what goes in a group such as GREEN ALGAE or FLOWERING PLANTS or BACTERIA

Position in the Hierarchy  There is no ABSOLUTE rank in a hierarchy! (No ABSOLUTE way to determine position in a hierarchy)  Despite this most authorities are in general agreement how to organize species into higher taxa  An example (using families) Solanaceae Sphecidae  How might “experts” differ in the above examples?

The Species  The only taxon that has ‘biological reality’  Human Beings (a species)  What is our scientific name?  Species: Homo sapiens Linnaeus  Genus: Homo  Specific Epithet: sapiens  Genus + Specific Epithet = Species  Author Citation: Linnaeus

Classify / Classification (I)  GOAL: a natural* classification  A Classification*: information storage and retrieval system  What type of information to use?  Everything and anything  (morphology, anatomy, distribution, cytology, genetics, DNA homologies, behaviors, etc.)

Classify / Classification (II)  Why do we look down on classification activities and disciplines (taxonomy and systematics)?  Why do classification schemes keep on changing?  Why are taxonomy and systematics more important than ever?

Nomenclature  Naming things  Why a system of Nomenclature*?  Why scientific names? Why not just use common names?  Binomial System  Why latinized names?  Very specific rules --- Why is this important?  Rules (name endings, etc.) currently differ for plants vs. animals --- Why?

Classification Hierarchy Revisited - ALL LIVING THINGS (= Storage Building) - DOMAIN (= a floor in the building) - KINGDOM (= large storage room) - DIVISION or PHYLUM (= file cabinet) - CLASS (= drawer) - ORDER (= large file folder) - FAMILY (= smaller folder in the large folder) - GENUS (= stapled packet) - SPECIES (= single page)

Changing (?) Classifications I  How many Kingdoms?????  Two Three Five Six Plantae Protista* Monera Archaebacteria Animalia Plantae Protista* Eubacteria Animalia Fungi Protista* Plantae Fungi Animalia Plantae Animalia  What is the difference?????  *Protista also known as Protoctista

Changing (?) Classifications II

Changing (?) Classifications III  The three DOMAIN system:  Not really that different  Archaea are in one domain  Bacteria are in the second domain  All eukaryotes are in the third domain  Kingdoms are the next subdivision below the domain

The Protists  An ‘unnatural’ group  At the moment it is a ‘collect all’ (like a junk drawer)  If it isn’t a plant, animal, fungus, archaean or bacterium, then it is a Protist  In time, as we learn more, we will take things out of this group and then there may be more kingdoms, phyla, etc.