classification

MANDERINE ORANGES FLOUR TORTILLA BABY WASH PARMESAN CHEESE

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: mammalbirdreptileamphibianfish

Small (grasses) Medium (shrubs) Large (trees) AirLandSea 350 B.C.

1750 Grouped living things by their PHYSICAL TRAITS Grouped things into KINGDOMS Gave all living things a two-part name… BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Two Name Naming System _____ _________ ___________ _____________

Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups, much like addresses are organized into smaller categories. KingdomCountry PhylumState ClassCounty OrderTown FamilyNeighborhood GenusStreet SpeciesHouse Number

SPECIES

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Multi-cellular consumers backbone Milk-producing hairy Opposable digits, Bipedal Stereoscopic vision Bigger brain, tool making, “wise man”

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies AnimalChordateMammalPrimatePongidaPantroglodytes

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies AnimalChordateMammalcarnivoreFelidaePanteraleo

SunflowerWolfAfrican Elephant BullfrogDogMushroom Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Is an animal’s Genus (Evereadii) and its species (eatibus)

Binomial Nomenclature Common name: Human Common name: Dog Common name: Tiger Common name: Elephant A two-part naming system

Since the Linnaean system focuses on physical similarities alone…molecular studies (genetic sequences) are not considered. Genetic similarities between two species are more likely than physical similarities to show ___________________________________ COMMON ANCESTORY

Carl Woese Revealed genetic differences in the DNA sequences of organisms Classified organisms into 3 DOMAINS BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA

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The THREE domains 1. Bacteria Single-celled prokaryotes One of the largest groups of organisms on Earth Can be classified by their traits such as: * Shape * Their Need for Oxygen * Whether they cause disease E. coli Clostridium botulinum Salmonella typhus Neisseria gonorrhea

The THREE domains Single-celled prokaryotes, (without a nucleus) Able to live in extreme environments, (due to the chemical make up of their cell walls 2. Archaea Haloquadratum walsbyi Acid Mine Drainage

The THREE domains 3. Eukarya Made up of all organisms with eukaryotic cells (Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) Can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular Includes 4 Kingdoms: Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

Animal Kingdom * Eukaryotic

Plant Kingdom made of cellulose * Eukaryotic

Fungus Kingdom Except for YEAST which is unicellular Decomposer made of chitin * Eukaryotic

Protist Kingdom some algae are multicellular or (Plant-like) (Animal-like) * Eukaryotic

1.a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)…….go to 2 b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton…….go to 3 2.a. Body is round shape…… b. Body is elongated…… Lady bug Grasshopper 3. a. Wings point toward the back……… b. Wings point toward the sides….. Go to 4 Housefly 4.a. Wings are large and broad……. b. Wings are long and thin…... Butterfly Dragonfly A tool used to determine the identity of an organism

Questions What traits were used by Aristotle to classify animals? Why is this considered a poor method by today’s standards? Name the major classification groups, from largest to smallest? What is binomial nomenclature? Why is it used (i.e. why use Latin names?) What are the five kingdoms? Are humans more closely related to a mouse or a chicken? Explain. List two ways how plants and animals are different and similar. What characteristic is exclusive to bacteria? If you discovered an organism with a cell wall, which kingdom would you know it does NOT belong to? If you discovered animal that closely resembled a human, what Class and Order would it likely belong? Which is the largest group? Order, Genus, or Family.

All are mammals Humans and chimpanzees DNA are 98% similar

Cladogram An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be related Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or clade, stay the same. Other traits change.

Derived Characters Derived characters are traits that are shared by some species but not by others The more closely related species are, the more derived characters they will share Derived characters are shown as hash marks

Nodes Each place where a branch splits is called a node. Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor shared by a clade.

Molecular Clocks Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time Mutations happen regularly over evolutionary time. With more time, more mutations build up. Molecular Clocks