Microbiology “scientific study of microorganisms and their effect on other living organisms”

Naming Microorganisms Page 266 staphyl = “clustered together” coccus = “shaped like a sphere or ball” aureus = “a golden-yellow color” Staphylococcus aureus

Classification (Page 268) Kingdom Division or Phylum Class Order Family *Genus *Species “King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain”

Staphylococcus aureus genus = Staphylococcus species = aureus italics : not English genus: abbreviated e.g. S. aureus

Categories of Cells Page 267 Eukaryotic (“True Nucleus”) nuclei and cytoskeleton DNA within the nucleus Prokaryotic (“Before Nucleus”) no nuclei and no cytoskeleton DNA float “freely” Bacteria and cyanobacteria

Divisions Page 269 Bacteriology Rickettsiology Virology Protozoology Mycology

Bacteriology “science that studies bacteria”

Bacteria Page 269 “a prokaryotic one-celled microorganism of the Kingdom Monera, existing as free living organisms or as parasites, multiplying by binary fission and having a large range of biochemical properties” pathogenic

Mycoplasmas Page 270 “bacteria of the Mycoplasma genus that are found in humans and have no cell wall; the smallest free-living organisms presently known being intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria” double-stranded DNA

Chlamydia “a large group of nonmotile, gram negative intracellular parasites” replicate in cytoplasm of host cells use host’s ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) for energy

Rickettsiology “area of science that studies Rickettsia”

Rickettsia Page 270 “a genus of gram-negative, pathogenic, intracellular parasitic bacteria” rod-shaped, sphere-shaped, change shape reproduce within host cell “arthropod vectors” tetracycline sulfonamides encourage growth

Virology Page 272 “the study of viruses and viral diseases” Virus: “one of a group of minute infectious agents, with certain exceptions (e.g. pox viruses) not resolved in the light microscope, and characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and by the ability to replicate only within living host cells” rod-shaped, spherical, polyhedral, tad-pole

Virion individual particle that consists of nucleic acid (the nucleoid), DNA or RNA (not both), and a protein shell (capsid) viruses do not have ATP

Groups of Viruses bacterial, animal, and plant classified according to: origin: reoviruses (respiratory and enteric) mode of transmission: arboviruses (mosquitoes) manifestations: (symptoms)polioviruses, poxviruses geographic location: coxsackievirus (names after Coxsacki, New York)

Prion “small proteinaceous infectious agents (particles) which almost certainly do not have a nucleic acid genome and thereby resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids” do not contain DNA or RNA spongiform encephalopathies eg: scrapie, mad cow, Creutzfeldt-Jakob

Protozoology Page 271 “science that deals with the study of protozoa”

Protozoa “one celled organisms of the Kingdom Protista- most are unicellular although some are colonists” “first animals” most abundant “normal flora” classified: according to shape and method of motility

Flagellates smallest whip-like projections (move like a fishtail)

Amoebae “ooze about” by extending parts of their cells as “pseudopods” or “false feet”

Sporozoans no locomotory extensions (flagella etc.) move by bending, creeping, and gliding Parasitic (part of their life-cycle is in host cell) “apical complex”: anterior end which helps to penetrate the host cell

Ciliates largest protozoa “hair-like” projections (cilia): “tiny oars” eat other protozoa and bacteria

Mycology Page 271 “the branch of science concerned with the study of fungi”

Fungus (Fungi = plural) “a group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous” 3 fundamental categories: yeasts, molds, dimorphic (to be studied in depth later) Saprophytes: fungi that grow on decomposing matter

Human Fungal Diseases categorized by the level of tissue penetration 1) superficial mycoses: outermost layers of skin and hair 2) cutaneous mycoses: skin, hair and fingernails and are deeper 3) subcutaneous mycoses: usually result of trauma; deep in the integument and underlying structures (muscle, bone) 4) systemic mycoses: usually originate in the lungs (histoplasmosis, blastoplasmosis)

Opportunistic Fungal Diseases due to suppressed immune systems secondary infection due to treatment for original disorder can be fatal and difficult to manage