Phylogeny Systematics Cladistics

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Prokaryotic Cell.
Advertisements

Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity
LG 4 Outline Evolutionary Relationships and Classification
Chapter 25/26 Taxonomy and Biodiversity Evolutionary biology The major goal of evolutionary biology is to reconstruct the history of life on earth ►Process:
C 18 Test Review Notes.
Alberts, Bray, Hopkins, Johnson Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Professor: Dr. Barjis Room: P313 Phone: (718)
Classification (Taxonomy)
Classifying the Diversity of Life – Systematics: Study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and their relationships – Taxonomy:
Classifying Organisms
Classification of Organisms
Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity
THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF BIODIVERSITY
CLASSIFICATION REVIEW
Classification This is Panorpa japonica. Commonly known as the scorpion fly.
PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS
Chapter 26 – Phylogeny & the Tree of Life
SYSTEMATICS The study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context encompasses both taxonomy and phylogeny.
Phylogeny & The Tree of Life. Phylogeny  The evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Classification Organizing the Diversity of Life. Why do we classify things? – Supermarket aisles – Libraries – Classes – Teams/sports – Members of a family.
Chapter 25 Phylogeny and Systematics. Macroevolution Attempts to explain how major adaptive characteristics came into existence These characteristics.
Covers Chapter 4 Structure and Function of the Cell Pages
March 3 rd, 2010  Warm Up Open to ch. 17 to follow along with lecture  Today Review Ch. 17 Lab  Homework Study for Ch. 17 exam on Friday.
Systematics the study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy – the science of naming, describing, and classifying.
The Evolutionary History of Biodiversity
Binomial Nomenclature vs. Phylogenetic Tree
QUIZ What is the science that describes, names and classifies organisms? Linnaeus classified organisms according to their ______ & ______. (True or False)
Classification and Systematics Tracing phylogeny is one of the main goals of systematics, the study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context.
Phylogenetics Chapter 26. Slide 2 of 17 Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny  Ontogeny – development from embryo to adult  Phylogeny – evolutionary history.
BioEd Online Biological Classification. Why Do We Classify Organisms? Biologists group organisms to organize and communicate information about their diversity,
Taxonomy Science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms. Designed by Linnaeus Based on morphology (form and structure) –Common name not useful.
Classification. History Aristotle organized living things into 2 main categories: –Plants –Animals.
1 Chapter 18- Classification. 2 I. Finding order in Diversity A. Why classify? 1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system.
Taxonomy Bio 250.
Classification & Intro to Animals JEOPARDY #1 S2C06 Jeopardy Review Image from:
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Taxonomy Reflects Evolutionary History Section 15.4.
Chapter 18 Classification. Every year, thousands of new species are discovered Biologists classify them with similar organisms The ways we group organisms.
C 18 Test Review Notes. The study of organisms requires the use of both large and small categories of organisms. Scientists assign each type of organism.
Classification of Living Things. Why do we classify things?  Supermarket aisles  Libraries  Classes  Teams/sports  Members of a family  Roads 
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View”
Ch. 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity
Classification Classification Classification.
Chapter 15 Classification.
Classification Chapter 18.
Phylogeny & the Tree of Life
Prokaryotic Cell. Eukaryotic Cell  Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food.  Heterotrophs.
Agenda for 2-13 Complete Short Answer Questions on Unit 6 Review Pollinate Plants and Check on Flies Classification PowerPoint Cladogram Construction and.
Classification. Cell Types Cells come in all types of shapes and sizes. Cell Membrane – cells are surrounded by a thin flexible layer Also known as a.
Chapter 14 Notes Why Classify? Categories of Biological Classification: 1. Why Classify? –Eliminate confusion –Organize information –Reveal Evolutionary.
Classification.
CLASSIFICATION VOCAB Chapter 18. Bacteria that “like” living in HOT environments like volcano vents thermophiles Group or level of organization into which.
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Biology RiverDell High School C. Militano Introduction (why, what, how) History of Classification Systems and Nomenclature.
Chapter 18 Classification.
Chapter 18 Classification. Classifying A great diversity of organisms requires a universal way to name them Taxonomy – allows biologists to name and classify.
Organizing Life’s Diversity Chapter 17. How Classification Began In order to better understand organisms scientists group them. Classification is the.
Classifying the Diversity of Life – Systematics Is the study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both past and present. – Taxonomy Is the.
Chapter 18: Classification
Chapter 18 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life. Phylogeny u Phylon = tribe, geny = genesis or origin u The evolutionary history of a species or a group of.
Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity Section 1 Classification.
Classification Biology I. Lesson Objectives Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s methods of classifying organisms. Explain how to write a scientific name.
Chapter 17 Classification of Organisms Section 1 Biodiversity Be Able To: Relate biodiversity to biological classification. Explain why naturalists replaced.
NEW CHAPTER TOPIC: TAXONOMY.
Taxonomy, Classification... and some phylogeny too!
Classification of Living Things
Phylogeny & the Tree of Life
The Tree of Life Ch 17.1, 17.2, 17.4.
Biological Classification Honors Biology.
Heredity and Classification
Presentation transcript:

Phylogeny Systematics Cladistics Modern Classification sorts organisms into groups shows relationships among them Phylogeny Systematics Cladistics

Classification and Diversity - tries to organize all living things into groups - show how they evolved from earlier life forms - show relationships to other present forms - changes with new information Early Systems Aristotle - by environment: land, water, air John Ray (1600s) - in related groups - short description for each species

Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus – Swedish botanist, 1700s used physical appearance and structure 7 taxa: from broad to specific Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order - Family – Genus – Species Binomial Nomenclature - two names for each Genus: group to which it belongs species: 1-2 word description Ex. Homo sapiens

Evidence for Classification Many forms: - physical appearance and structure (morphology) - other present organisms - fossils - molecules, especially DNA, RNA, proteins - embryology patterns Various organizing diagrams

Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships Physical appearance and structure Resemblance to other organisms

Fossils Embryo Development

Phylogeny and Systematics Taxonomy – sort and name organisms Phylogeny - Evolutionary history of a group of organisms - shows common ancestry Systematics - combines taxonomy with evolution - organized way to study diversity and relationships

Taxonomy – sorting and naming Species – individual type of organism Genus – group of related species Scientific Name = Genus & species Family – related genera Order – related families Class – related orders Phylum – related classes Kingdom – related phyla Domain – Three Domain System

Phylogeny – evolution history

Simplest relationships make the most likely phylogenetic trees

Phylogeny -compares structure Homologous – similar structure, with adaptations - shows common ancestry

Analogous structures Evolved in similar environments NOT shared ancestry

Cladistics Tries to show evolutionary relationships based on physical traits shared by different groups of organisms

Cladograms More shared traits = more closely related Derived character – more recent branch from evolutionary line Primitive character - older, shared by more groups

Molecular Systematics Compares molecules to find relationships

Ribosomal RNA Have shown that fungi are more closely related to humans than to green plants Student Mushroom Tulip Common ancestor Figure 15.9B

DNA – Compare genes and DNA sequences - many similar sequences = closely related

More shared genes = closer relationship Human Chimpanzee Gorilla Orangutan Common ancestor Figure 15.9C

Molecular Clocks Some regions of DNA or proteins Change at a fairly consistent rate Can date evolutionary events

Five- Kingdoms System Prokaryotes are in one Kingdom – Monera (Classification is a work in progress!) Prokaryotes are in one Kingdom – Monera Eukaryotes are grouped in separate kingdoms Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists

Bacteria are divided into two kingdoms, based on their chemical nature Six-Kingdom System Bacteria are divided into two kingdoms, based on their chemical nature

Three Domain System One domain for all eukaryotes One domain for each of the two kinds of bacteria