Classification- pg. 70 copyright cmassengale1

What is Classification? What classification systems are you familiar with and use? What classification systems are you familiar with and use? copyright cmassengale2

Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish copyright cmassengale3 Sea”horse”??

Carolus Linnaeus Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word naming system (Genus & species). Capitalize genus, not species Two-word naming system (Genus & species). Capitalize genus, not species copyright cmassengale4

Binomial Nomenclature copyright cmassengale5 Which TWO are more closely related?

Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific: There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific: Domain (broadest  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  species (most specific)Domain (broadest  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  species (most specific) copyright cmassengale6

Break it DOWN: Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens ◦ Homo sapiens copyright cmassengale7

Domains Three domains: Three domains: Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles copyright cmassengale8

ARCHAEA Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: –Thermal or Volcanic Vents –Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid copyright cmassengale9

10 An ARCHAEAN

EUBACTERIA Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale11

copyright cmassengale12 Live in the intestines of animals

Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista Protista Fungi Fungi Plantae Plantae Animalia Animalia copyright cmassengale13

Protista Most are unicellular, some multicellular Most are unicellular, some multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Aquatic Ex: Algae Ex: Algae copyright cmassengale14

Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin Ex: Mushrooms Ex: Mushrooms copyright cmassengale15

Plantae Ex: Trees, flowers Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic (absorb sunlight to make glucose) Autotrophic (absorb sunlight to make glucose) Cell walls made Cell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale16

Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale17

Domain Kingdom BacteriaEubacteria ArchaeaArchaebacteria – No peptidoglycan EukaryaAnimalsPlantsFungiProtists

copyright cmassengale19

Classification is based on evolutionary relationships How is the hierarchy like a time machine? ◦ The higher the level, the further back in time that common ancestor existed. copyright cmassengale20

How does Linnaeus’ system of classification help to illustrate the unity of life? We see the similarities and the differences. Organisms in the same genus share many features, while those in the same kingdom have many differences, but still share common traits. copyright cmassengale21

Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale22

Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures Similar embryo development DNA, RNA copyright cmassengale23

copyright cmassengale24 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

What’s Cladistics? The classification based on common ancestry. The goal of cladistics is to place species in order in which they descended from a common ancestor.

VS.

Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale28

Cladogram: Derived characters-groups of species placed in order by the characters (traits) that have added up over time. They are shown as dash marks between the branches of a cladogram. All species above a dash mark share the derived character.

Dichotomous Keys Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale30

Example of a Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale31

copyright cmassengale32 1.What is more closely related to a wolf: turtle or salamander? 2.What characteristics do the grouper, salamander, turtle, and wolf share?