HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Unit 4 1

Chapter 16 Primate Evolution 2

16.1 Primates Main Idea  Primates share several behavioral & biological characteristics indicating that they evolved from a common ancestor. 3

16.2 Hominoids to Hominins Main Idea  Hominoids evolved into hominins likely in response to climate changes of the Miocene. 4

16.3 Human Ancestry Main Idea  Tracing the evolution of the genus Homo is important if we are to understand humans, the only living species of Homo. 5

Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity 6 Big Idea: Evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity.

17.1 The History of Classification Main Idea  Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things. 7

Early Systems of Classification  Aristotle’s System ( B.C. ) 8

Early Systems of Classification  Linnaeus’s System ( )  Taxonomy  Binomial Nomenclature Bird of prey Wading bird Perching bird 9

Early Systems of Classification  Binomial Nomenclature 1. Genus name 2. Species name Cardinalis cardinalis C. cardinalis 10

Early Systems of Classification  Modern Classification Systems 11

Taxonomic Categories 12 Ursus americanus American black bear Ursus thibetanus Asiatic black bear Melursus ursinus Sloth bear

Taxonomic Categories 13 Ursidae Ursus americanus American black bear Felidae Panthera Leo Lion Canidae Canis lupus Pitbull

Taxonomic Categories 14

Systematics Applications  Dichotomous Key 15

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17.1 Vocabulary  Binomial Nomenclature  Class  Classification  Division  Domain  Family  Genus  Kingdom  Order  Phylum  Taxon  Taxonomy 17

17.1 Key Concepts  Aristotle developed the 1 st widely accepted biological classification system  Linnaeus used morphology & behavior to classify plants & animals.  Binomial nomenclature uses Latin genus & specific name to give an organism a scientific name.  Organisms are classified according to a nested hierarchical system 18

17.2 Modern Classification Main Idea  Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased. 19

Determining Species  Typological Species Concept  types that have characteristics or traits in common 20 Common Goldfish Fancy Goldfish different?

Determining Species  Biological Species Concept  Interbreed Fertile Offspring Zorse = Sterile  Phylogenetic Species Concept  Evolutionary History 21

Determining Species 22

Characters  Morphological Characters  Biochemical Characters 23

Phylogenetic Reconstruction  Character Types  Ancestral  Derived 24

Phylogenetic Reconstruction  Cladograms 25

17.2 Vocabulary  Character  Cladistics  Cladogram  Molecular Clock  Phylogeny 26

17.2 Key Concepts  The definition of species has changed over time.  Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species, evidence for which comes from a variety of studies.  A molecular clock uses comparisons of DNA sequences to estimate phylogeny & rate of evolutionary change.  Cladistic analysis models evolutionary relationships based on sequencing derived characters. 27

17.3 Domains & Kingdoms Main Idea  The most widely used biological classification system has 6 kingdoms within 3 domains. 28

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Grouping Species  3 Domains  Prokaryote versus Eukaryote  6 Kingdoms 30

Domain Eukarya  Kingdom Protista  Algae, Protozoans, Euglenoids  Kingdom Fungi 31

Domain Eukarya  Kingdom Plantae  Kingdom Animalia 32

17.3 Vocabulary  Archaea  Eubacteria  Fungus  Protist 33

17.3 Key Concepts  Domains Bacteria & Archaea contain prokaryotes.  Organisms are classified at the kingdom level based on cell type, structures, & nutrition.  Domain Eukarya contains 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes.  Because viruses are not living, they are not included in the biological classification system. 34