HOW WILL WE LEARN ALL THESE WORDS? ETYMOLOGY AND VOCABULARY ACROSS THE CONTENT AREAS B.Selah Lee-Bey

What is Etymology  The key to developing ones’ vocabulary is etymology.  Etymology: The study of the origins of words. Etym (true sense; origin) + ology (the study of )  Etymology consists of  Word Parts (Affixes and Roots)  Word Origins (Latin; Greek; German; etc…)  How words change over time  Word cognates in various languages within a language family.

Why Etymology  Students are able to learn up to 50 words per week by studying 4 word parts.

Word Parts: Prefix  A prefix is a word part that is placed at the beginning of a word. Pre (before) + fix (to fasten)  Other Examples:  Review  React  Interview  Interact

Word Parts: Prefix  A prefix changes the meaning of a word  Examples: construct; reconstruct; deconstruct Struct (the root) means to build Con + struct: to build together/with Re + con + struct: to build together again De + con + struct: to build down

Prefix Rules  A prefix can function as an intensifier.  Example: Confirm: con + firm (to make more firm). Firm is a root indicating strength. Obtain: ob + tain (a stronger version of attain). The root tain means to stretch and hold.

Word Parts: Suffix  A suffix is a word part that is placed at the end of a word. Suff (after) + fix (to fasten)  hopeful  goodness

Word Parts: Suffix  A suffix can change the part of speech of a word  Noun Suffix Endings -age: mileage; postage; damage -ship: fellowship; friendship; sportsmanship  Verb Suffix Endings -ate (calculate; meditate; evaporate) - ize/ise (memorize; sympathize; comprise)

Word Parts: Suffix  A suffix can change the part of speech of a word  Adjective Suffix Ending - able (capable; lovable) -al (national; natural; seasonal)  Adverb Endings -ly (nationally; naturally; swiftly) - where (somewhere; anywhere)

Suffix Rules  A word can have as many as three suffixes Example: constitution; constitutional; constitutionality Root: sti: to stand Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al + ity

Suffix Rules  Like Musical; comical; classical Fantastic; realistic; Slavic  State of/Condition/Quality Appointment; retirement Insistence; patience; inheritance  One who: Physician; musician; politician Teacher; barber; carpenter Artist; pianist; astrologist Suffixes have meanings

Word Parts: Roots  The root is the main part of a word. It is the part of the word which the prefix and suffix are fastened.  Remember: pre (before) + fix (fasten) suf (after) + fix (fasten)  Think of the roots as the anchor that carries the basic meaning of a word.  What is the Root?  The root word part is like the root of a plant. It carries meaning or nutrients to allow a word to blossom and grow.

Word Parts: Roots  Cred: to believe  Incredible: In (not) + cred (believe) + ible (able) Definition: not able to believe  Creditor: Cred(it) + or (a person who) Definition: a person that determines whether you can be trusted or believed

Word Parts: Roots  Ject: to throw  Reject: Re (back) + ject (throw): Definition: to throw back  Project: Pro (forward) + ject (throw) Definition: to throw forward  Interject: Prefix: Inter Definition: to throw between

Word Parts: All Together

Prefix Root Suffix 3P 2P 1P 0 1S 2S 3S ___________________________________________ ____ Prefix-Suffix-Root Line

Conspicuous con + spic + uous: visible, open to view, striking Resist Re + sist To stand against What’s the Root of this Word?

Respect Re + spect To look back (and see someone); to regard Institute In + stit + ut(e) + ion To cause to stand (i.e. establish) What’s the Root of this Word?

Establish E + stabl(e) + ish To make stable What’s the Root of this Word?

Regard Re + gard (as in guard) To look or to heed Speculative Spec + (ul) + at(e) +ive Describing something that has been looked at or examined intellectually  What’s the Root of this Word?

1. Which words have similar meanings  Speculative; conspicuous  Establish; institute  Respect; regard Semantic Discussions

3. The word resist has the same root form as consist, insist, and assist. Based on the change in prefix, what is the meaning of the each of the three words mentioned above? Semantic Discussions (con…)

The Matrix Map (Beginner)

The Matrix Map (Advanced)

The Matrix Map (Beginner)

The Matrix Map (Advanced)

Denotation vs Connotation  Denotation:  This is the literal meaning of a word. It translates as from the letters/markings. That is, the meaning is from the original markings (see etymology).  Connotation:  This is the shaded/colored meaning. It translates as added letters/markings

What is the Connotation? Stench  Definition: a smell, a scent, an odor.  Etymology: O.E. stenc; Old Saxon stanc; Old German stank- to emit a smell. Evil odor meaning applied in 1200 c. Scent  Definition: what can be smelled.  Etymology: O.F. sentir; Latin sentire- to feel, perceive, sense, discern, hear, see

Liberal Arts: Music  Music  Old French: musique (12 c.)  Latin: musica  Greek: mousikos, pertaining to the Muses  Same root as mind

Liberal Arts: Music Forte and Fortissimo strong

Liberal Arts: Music Crescendo and Descrescendo to grow loudly or quietly in sound

Liberal Arts: Music Dolce sweetly Remember, Latin- based or Romance languages (from Rome) have cognates that follow a similar spelling format as in English. Thus, dolce means to play sweetly, similarly to dulce, which is sweet in Spanish.

Liberal Arts: Music Grave heavily Similar to the words gravity; gravitate; and gravitas- all of these refer to weight

Biological Sciences: Botany Etymology can help students to recall the scientific names of various plant families, genera, and species.

Biological Sciences: Botany  Using the system of scientific classification, botanists identify plants by their family, genus, and species.  Today, plants scientific names are based on binomial nomenclature system using the generic and the specific epithets.

Biological Sciences: Botany  This flower is called the Rosa canina.  It is classified as follows: Family: Rosae Genus: Rosa Species: Canina This is a dog rose (canina refers to the dog)

Biological Sciences: Botany  Most plant names are Latin or Greek in origin.  The family names have the suffix –aceae, which means “belonging to, having the nature of” Examples Asteraceae Fabaceae Apiaceae Solanaceae Zingiberaceae

Biological Sciences: Botany  Most plant names are Latin or Greek in origin.  The family names have the suffix –aceae, which means “belonging to, having the nature of” Family NameDerivational Meaning AsteraceaeStar-shaped Fabaceaebean Apiaceae/Umbellif eraceae Celery “bearing umbells” SolanaceaeNight-shade; “soothing effect” ZingiberaceaeGinger

Biological Sciences: Botany  Asteraceae:  Aster=star Star-shaped flowers, such as sunflowers, dandelions, etc…  Fabaceae:  Faba=bean Family of beans, peas, and legumes

Biological Sciences: Botany  Genus  Latin in form Ends in –a, -um, or –us  Seven classes of distinction  Species  Latin in form Descriptive: albus (white), bellus (pretty), odoratus (scented) Geographical: anglicus (English), hispanicus (Spanish) Personal names: davidii (A.David)

Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology  Anatomical terminology is rooted in Indo-European languages; thus, etymology will help students readily define given terms.

Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology  Anterior  Ante=before  Posterior  Post=after

Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology Anatomical Roots Blood hem, angi Brain cereb, encephal Hair tricho, tricha Examples Hemorrhoid Angioplasty Cerebellum Encephalology Trichopterous

Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology  - plasty (surgical repair)  Angioplasty  Rhinoplasty  Palatoplasty  -ectomy (remove part of the body)  Craniectomy  Iridectomy  Hysterectomy Surgical Procedures

Biological Sciences: Anatomy and Physiology  - itis (inflammation)  Gingivitis  Arthritis  Chondritis  - algia (sensitivity to pain)  Fibromyalgia  Arthralgia  Cardialgia Diseases

Social Sciences: Psychology  Psychology  Psych: the mind  ology: the study of

Social Sciences: Psychology Bipolar: two poles bi (two) + pol (poles) + ar Insomnia: not able to sleep in (not) + som (sleep) Schizophrenia schizo (split) + phren (mind) + ia

Social Sciences: Psychology  Mania  mind of passion, fury, and rage  Kleptomania  klepto: thief  Pyromania  pyro: fire  Trichotillomania  tricho: hair  till: pull  Dermatillonmania  derma: skin  till: pull

Social Sciences: Psychology  Phobias  Phobia is Greek for fear  claustraphobia  claus: closed  arachnophobia  arachno: spider  algophobia  fear of pain

Mathematics  Etymology can assist students in understanding mathematical concepts.

Mathematics  Bisector  Bi means 2  sect means cut  or refers to a thing or person (noun)  Bi + sect + or  something that cuts a shape into two parts.

Mathematics PrefixNumber hex6 sept7 octo8 nov9 dec10 PrefixNumber mono/uni1 bi/di/du2 tri3 quad/quart4 pent/quint5

Mathematics HexagonPentagon

Mathematics

 Algebra  1550s, from Medieval Latin algebra, from Arabic al jabr ("in vulgar pronunciation, al-jebr" [Klein]) "reunion of broken parts”, as in computation

Mathematics  Trigonometry  tri: three  gon: angle (shape)  metry: measure  the relationship between lengths and angle measurements of triangles

Mathematics  Algorithm and Arithmetic have the same root. Can you guess what it is?  rit, meaning number

Social Sciences: Political Science  Etymology can help students identify various forms of government in political science classes.

Social Sciences: Political Science  -cracy  From Latin kratos meaning “rule”  -archy  From Greek arkhos, meaning “rule”

Social Sciences: Political Science  Oligarchy:  Oligos (few) + cracy (rule)  Anarchy:  An (no) + archy (rule)

Social Sciences: Political Science  Aristocracy:  Aristo (rich) + cracy (rule)  Democracy:  Demo (people) + cracy(rule)

Social Sciences: Political Science  Theocracy:  Theo (God ) + cracy (rule)  Monarchy:  Mon(o) (one) + cracy(rule)

Social Sciences: Political Science  Kleptocracy:  Klepto (theives) + cracy (rule)  Meritoctacy:  Merit (earned/assigned) + cracy(rule)

Social Sciences: Political Science and Sociology  Patriarchy:  Patri (father/male) + cracy (rule)  Matriarchy:  Martri (mother/female) + cracy(rule)

Social Sciences: Economics  Oligopoly  trade with a few  Monopoly  trade with one

Social Science: Philosophy and Religion Philosophy “Lover of Wisdom” (philos: love; soph: wisdom)

Social Science: Philosophy and Religion  God  Latin: divinus  Greek: theos theology; divinity; atheist; polytheism; monotheism; deity

Social Science: Philosophy and Religion  -ology: study of…  Doxology: beliefs  Epistemology: knowledge from experience  Cosmology: the world  Mythology: myths or stories ology comes from logos, which means the word

Social Science: Philosophy and Religion  Paradox  Para: contrary  dox: belief  Orthadox  Ortha: straight  dox: belief

Social Science: Philosophy and Religion  Dogma  that which one things is true  This word has a similar root as doxology. They share a Proto-Indo European root, thus sharing meaning as well.

Social Science: Philosophy and Religion  Utilitarian  look within the word and see util  utilize; utility something you use

Social Science: Philosophy and Religion  Nihilism  nihilim: no small thing  nil: none Have students think of annihilate (to reduce to nothing)

 English is a Western Germanic language that follows a Latin spelling pattern; thus, it appears to be a Romance language, which is linguistically classified as Italic.  We often look Proto-Indo-European roots of words because their cognates in various languages hold the same meaning. For example:

 Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is not a language, but a reconstruction of a language said to be the ancestor of modern Indo-European Languages. It was spoken in an (as of yet) unidentified area between eastern Europe and the Aral Sea around the fifth millennium B.C°. American Heritage Dictionary  PIE roots are the most basic form of the root of a word to which it can be traced back to throughout the Indo European family of languages. The map provides a good indication of how this works.

[Looking in the Brackets]

 The roots gen, nat, nasc, and kin all share a PIE root. The PIE for the above root is gen - which means Birth, Source, or Origin

 The roots sti, sta, stat, sis, sist, and syst all share a PIE root.  The PIE root for the above roots is  Hint: look up words with the roots named above. Constitute; Station; Statistic; System; Consistent Sta - Which means to stand or remain in place

 The roots fac, fec, fic, and –fy all share a PIE root.  The PIE root for the above roots is  Hint: look up words with the roots named above. factory; perfection; efficient; clarity Dhe- Which means to make, place, or do

Works Cited  Pierson, H. “Using Etymology in the Classroom”. ELT J (1989) 43 (1):  Rasinski, Tim. Greek & Latin Roots: Keys to Building Vocabulary. Shell Education (2008)