THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF BIODIVERSITY

YOU MUST KNOW… THE TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES AND HOW THEY INDICATE RELATEDNESS HOW SYSTEMATICS IS USED TO DEVELOP PHYLOGENETIC TREES THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE INCLUDING THEIR SIMILIARITIES AND THEIR DIFFERENCES

CONCEPT 26.1 PHYLOGENICS SHOW EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

PHYLOGENY – EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A SPECIES OR A GROUP OF RELATED SPECIES TAXONOMY – ORDERED DIVISION OF ORGANISMS INTO CATEGORIES BASED ON A SET OF CHARACTERISTICS USED TO ASSESS SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE TWO-PART NAMING SYSTEM DEVELOPED BY CAROLUS LINNAEUS DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

THE DEGREE OF RELATEDNESS INCREASES WITH EACH SUCCESSIVE LEVEL DOWN WITH EACH SUCCESSIVE LEVEL DOWN, THE ORGANISMS SHARE MORE COMMON TRAITS

CONCEPT 26.2 PHYLOGENIES ARE INFERRED FROM MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES – SIMILARITIES DUE TO SHARED ANCESTRY CONVERGENT EVOLUTION – TAKEN PLACE WHEN 2 ORGANISMS DEVELOPED SIMILARITIES AS THEY ADAPTED TO SIMILAR ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES – NOT BECAUSE THEY EVOLVED FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR (ANALAGOUS) MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS – USES DNA AND OTHER MOLECULAR DATA TO DETERMINE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

CONCEPT 26.3 SHARED CHARACTERISTICS ARE USED TO CONSTRUCT PHYLOGENETIC TREES

CLADOGRAM – DEPICTS PATTERNS OF SHARED CHARACTERISTICS AMONG TAXA AND FORMS THE BASIS OF A PHYLOGENETIC TREE CLADE – A GROUP OF SPECIES THAT INCLUDES AN ANCESTRAL SPECIES AND ALL ITS DESCENDANTS

CONCEPT 26.4 AN ORGANISM’S EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY IS DOCUMENTED IN ITS GENOME

COMPARING DIFFERENT DNA SEQUENCES HELPS TO INVESTIGATE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROUPS OF ORGANISMS THAT DIVERGED A LONG TIME AGO DNA THAT CODES FOR RIBOSOMAL RNA CHANGES RELATIVELY SLOWLY DNA THAT CODES FOR MITOCHONDRIAL DNA EVOLVES RAPIDLY AND CAN BE USED TO EXPLORE RECENT EVOLUTIONARY EVENTS

CONCEPT 26.5 MOLECULAR CLOCKS HELP TRACK EVOLUTIONARY TIME THEY ARE METHODS USED TO MEASURE THE ABSOLUTE TIME OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE BASED ON THE OBSERVATION THAT SOME GENES AND OTHER REGIONS OF THE GENOME APPEAR TO EVOLVE AT CONSTANT RATES

CONCEPT 26.6 NEW INFORMATION CONTINUES TO REVISE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE TREE OF LIFE

3 DOMAINS – BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, AND EUKARYA EUKARYA – HAVE A NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED ORGANELLES, DOUBLE HELIX DNA