Nucleic Acids Organic molecules to store genetic information and transmit genetic information for future generations DNA and RNA

DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID blueprint of life (has the instructions for making an organism’s proteins) established by James Watson, Francis Crick & Rosalind Franklin codes for your genes shape of a double helix made of repeating subunits called nucleotides

Nucleotide - consists of a sugar, phosphate and a base- A,G,T,C Gene - a segment of DNA that codes for a protein, which in turn codes for a trait (skin tone, eye color..etc), a gene is a stretch of DNA.

Replication Making new DNA from existing DNA. Happens during the S phase of Interphase. Ensures each daughter cells is an exact copy of the parent cell. Assisted by enzymes called DNA polmerase. Uses DNA base pairing rules.

RNA - RIBONUCLEIC ACID 3 types ~mRNA, tRNA & rRNA RNA is similar to DNA except: 1. has one strand instead of two strands. 2. has uracil instead of thymine 3. has ribose instead of deoxyribose

Transcription & Translation Transcription is making the mRNA to be used in protein synthesis Translation is the actual synthesis of the protein needed to build the organism

Transcription Happens in the Nucleus Creates mRNA that can leave the nucleus Uses base pairing rules of: A-U, T-A, C-G & G-C

Translation RNA Reunion Happens at the ribosomes (in cytoplasm & the rough ER). ALL 3 RNA types are involved. Uses 20 amino acids as the ingredients for EVERY LIVING THING on our planet!! Actual synthesis of the polypeptide (protein)

Amino acids 1.Every 3 bases on the mRNA is called a codon. 2.Each codon is the “code” for 1 particular amino acid out of Amino acids are the monomers of proteins!

Codon UUU is ____? Codon GGG is ____ ? Codon UGA is ____ ? Codon AGT is ____ ?

PRACTICE!! Page 303 in your book! DNA STRAND: TAC TTC CGA GCG CCT CAT ACT mRNA Strand (transcription): _______________________________ Amino acid sequence (translation): _________________________________

PRACTICE ANSWERS!! DNA STRAND: TAC TTC CGA GCG CCT CAT ACT mRNA Strand (transcription): AUG AAG GCU CGC GGA GUA UGA Amino acid sequence (translation): Methionine-Lysine-Alanine-Arganine- Glycine-Valine- STOP

mRNA is the messenger RNA that holds the “recipe” to put the protein together. tRNA transfers the correct amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome rRNA physically makes up part of the rbosomes – the “factory” of protein synthesis

polypeptideAmino acid tRNA anti-codon codon mRNA rRNA (ribosome)

Nucleic Acid Processes

Mutations ANY change in the DNA. Chromosomal Mutations involve chromsomes in part or whole. Inversion Translocation Deletion Duplication

Mutations Gene mutations Happen with individual nucleotides! Substitution Frameshift mutations are caused by adding 1 nucleotide or deleting 1 nucleotide. Changes the “reading frame” of the codons!!