Slide 1 of 33 Chemistry 24.5

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 2 of Nucleic Acids Maybe people have told you that you have your mother’s eyes or your father’s nose. You do inherit the instructions for assembling the proteins of your body from your parents. You will learn what these instructions are called and how they code for proteins.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > Slide 3 of DNA and RNA What are the functions of DNA and RNA?

Slide 4 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 DNA and RNA Nitrogen-containing compounds, called nucleic acids, are polymers that are found primarily in cell nuclei. Two kinds of nuclei acids are found in cells: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 5 of 33 Nucleic Acids > 24.5 DNA and RNA DNA stores the information needed to make proteins and governs the reproduction and growth of cells and new organisms. RNA has a key role in the transmission of the information stored in DNA and in the synthesis of proteins.

Slide 6 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 DNA and RNA The monomers that make up the DNA and RNA polymers are called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a five- carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing unit called a nitrogen base.

Slide 7 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 DNA and RNA These strands of DNA have been extracted from cellular material.

Slide 8 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 DNA and RNA

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 9 of 33 Nucleic Acids > 24.5 DNA and RNA

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 10 of 33 Nucleic Acids > DNA and RNA Simulation 29 Construct a portion of a DNA molecule.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > Slide 11 of The Genetic Code How long a base sequence of DNA is required to specify one amino acid in a peptide chain?

Slide 12 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 The Genetic Code A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for making one peptide chain. The products of genes are the peptides and proteins found in an organism.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 13 of 33 Nucleic Acids > 24.5 The Genetic Code Three bases of DNA arranged in a specific sequence are required to specify one amino acid in a peptide or protein chain.

Slide 14 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 The Genetic Code This space-filling model shows only a tiny segment of a DNA molecule.

Slide 15 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 The Genetic Code

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > Slide 16 of Gene Mutations What are gene mutations?

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 17 of 33 Nucleic Acids > 24.5 Gene Mutations Substitutions, additions, or deletions of one or more nucleotides in the DNA molecule are called gene mutations.

Slide 18 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 Gene Mutations Hemoglobin

Slide 19 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 Gene Mutations The blood cells on the left have a distorted shape because of sickle cell anemia. Normal blood cells, like the ones on the right, have a doughnut-like shape.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > Slide 20 of DNA Fingerprinting What forms the basis for a method of identifying a person from biological samples?

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 21 of 33 Nucleic Acids > 24.5 DNA Fingerprinting The variation in the DNA of individuals forms the basis for a method of identifying a person from samples of his or her hair, skin cells, or body fluid.

Slide 22 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 DNA Fingerprinting This scientist is comparing DNA fingerprints. DNA fingerprinting is an important tool in the identification of people.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > Slide 23 of Recombinant DNA Technology What is recombinant DNA technology?

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 24 of 33 Nucleic Acids > 24.5 Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA technology consists of methods for cleaving a DNA chain, inserting a new piece of DNA into the gap created by the cleavage, and resealing the chain.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 25 of 33 Nucleic Acids > 24.5 Recombinant DNA Technology Insertion of Foreign gene

Slide 26 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 Recombinant DNA Technology Applications in Medicine The first practical application of recombinant DNA technology was to insert the gene for making human insulin into bacteria. Diabetic patients use the human form of insulin produced by these bacteria.

Slide 27 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 Recombinant DNA Technology Applications in Agriculture New recombinant DNA techniques can make plants resistant to pests and weed killers and fruits and vegetables that are better suited for shipping and storage.

Slide 28 of 33 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids > 24.5 Recombinant DNA Technology Cloning A clone is an exact genetic copy of its parent because it is formed using the DNA of only that parent. Dolly the sheep had no father.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 29 of 33 Section Quiz -or- Continue to: Launch: Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section 24.5 Section Quiz

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 30 of Section Quiz. 1.Each nucleotide consists of a a.phosphate, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base. b.sulfate, a six-carbon sugar, and a phosphate base. c.phosphorus, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base. d.sulfate, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate base.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 31 of Section Quiz. 2.Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called a.phospholipids. b.amino acids. c.nucleotides. d.genes.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 32 of Section Quiz. 3.Each word in the genetic code consists of a sequence of three a.deoxyribose units. b.RNA molecules. c.bases. d.amino acids.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 33 of Section Quiz. 4.Scientists were able to produce human insulin by inserting a foreign gene into bacterial DNA. This technique is an example of a.DNA fingerprinting. b.recombinant DNA technology. c.gene mutation. d.cloning.

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