Biochemistry

Elements and Atoms Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. Elements are basic substances that cannot be broken down into other substances. Molecules are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements. (smallest combination that cannot be divided without changing its chemical and physical properties) Compounds are composed of atoms of different elements chemically combined.

Atoms Atom consists of three subatomic particles called: Protons: positive charge Neutrons: neutral/no charge Electrons: negative charge The center of an atom is called the nucleus which consists of protons and neutrons.

Periodic Table Protons = Electrons In a neutral atom 12 Mg Magnesium 24.305 Atomic Number: Protons Protons = Electrons In a neutral atom Symbol Element Atomic Mass Number: Protons + Neutrons (Nucleus) QUESTION: What part of the atom gives the atom its mass??

Cells work on a chemical level There are four main types of molecules that a cell uses on a regular basis: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Organic Substances/components Organic Substances – contain Carbon and Hydrogen Carbohydrates: made up of simple sugars Proteins: made up of amino acids Lipids: made up of a glycerol and at least 1 fatty acid Nucleic Acids: made up of nucleotides

Organic substances are made of units called monomers or polymers. A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains. Here is a monomer:          Here is a polymer:                                                   

Carbohydrates Characteristics of Carbohydrates Monomer Simple sugar molecules Function Stores energy and some structures Examples glucose, fructose, Starch, Fact Usually large molecules Food sources Bread, candy, pasta, vegetables Video clips come from United Streaming: Energy and the Chemistry of Life (39:48)

Lipid Characteristics of Lipids Monomer Fatty acids Function Stores energy, forms membranes, some hormones Examples Body fat, cell membranes, testosterone Fact Lipids do not dissolve in water but do dissolve in oils Food sources Candy, red meats, fried foods, dairy products

Proteins Characteristics of Proteins Monomer amino acids Function Makes enzymes (metabolism), forms structures, some hormones Examples Lactase, Insulin, hair, cartilage, muscle tissue Fact All proteins are made of the same 20 amino acids Food sources Meats, nuts, tofu

Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that are used by the cell to speed up and regulate metabolic reactions. Enzymes are biological catalysts that remain unchanged by the reaction.

Enzymes The substrate is temporarily bound to its enzyme at the active site. The enzyme may change shape slightly to accommodate the substrate. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4jEZ9Os6QM&feature=related

Nucleic Acids Characteristics of Nucleic Acids Made of Nucleotides Function Stores genetic information, directs cell activity, makes proteins Examples DNA and RNA Fact DNA is a double helix and RNA is a single helix Food sources Most foods made from living materials

Use the following slides to go along with organic substance foldable.

Organic Substances Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids RNA

Organic Substances RNA Sugars Starches Meats Hormones Muscle Hair Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids RNA Sugars Starches Meats Hormones Muscle Hair Nails Enzymes Blood Cells Fats Oils Waxes DNA RNA