Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon Compounds

Slide 2 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain carbon. Carbon has four electrons that form covalent bonds with other atoms. 6 P 6 N

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 3 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Chemistry of Carbon A carbon atoms can form chains that can be almost unlimited in length. All living organisms contain carbon.

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 4 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chains of carbon can close upon themselves to form rings. Carbon can form many large and complex structures. CC CC CC C C CC CC

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 5 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Macromolecules are carbon based compounds. formed by polymerization. The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. “MONO” – One “POLY” - Many

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 6 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or the monomers may be different.

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 7 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Types of macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 8 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. What is the function of carbohydrates? Source of energy for living things!

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 9 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides. Glucose, galactose (a component of milk), and fructose (found in many fruits) Two monosaccharides linked together are called disaccharides. Lactose (found in dairy products) and sucrose Large macromolecules formed from 3 or more monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. Starch, cellulose (found in the cell wall of plants)

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 10 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Examples- MonosaccharidesDisaccharide

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 11 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Polysaccharide Starch

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 12 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids are not soluble in water. Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. The common categories of lipids are: Fats Oils Waxes Steroids

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 13 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids What is the function of lipids? Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 14 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids.

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 15 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids If all of the carbons are singled bonded it is considered saturated. -The term saturated is used because the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated.

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 16 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 17 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from nucleotides.

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 18 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 19 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids What is the function of nucleic acids? Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA contains the sugar ribose. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 20 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 21 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Amino Acids Protein Molecule

2–3 Carbon Compounds Slide 22 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins What is the function of proteins? Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles. Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

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Slide 24 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as a.lipids. b.monosaccharides. c.proteins. d.polysaccharides.

Slide 25 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Many lipids are formed from glycerol and a.fatty acids. b.monosaccharides. c.amino acids. d.nucleic acids.

Slide 26 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because a.they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups. b.they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures. c.they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d.their R groups can be either acidic or basic.

Slide 27 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Which of the following statements about cellulose is true? a.Animals make it and use it to store energy. b.Plants make it and use it to store energy. c.Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton. d.Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.

Slide 28 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that a.plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins. b.proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not. c.polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids. d.proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.

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