UNIT 2B-1 BIOCHEMISTRY PART 1

 The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.  Inorganic chemistry- the study of all other compounds ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four bonds with many other elements.  One carbon atom can bond to another, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length.  These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double or even triple covalent bonds.  Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on themselves to form rings. WHY IS CARBON SO SPECIAL? HONC 1234

Organic  Are usually defined as compounds which contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain additional elements as well)  Are produced only by living things (biotic).  Range from simple to very complex.  Contain strong, covalent bonds.  Examples: CH 4, C 6 H 12 O 6, SUGARS, PROTEINS, FATS, OILS, DNA ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VS. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Inorganic  Usually defined as compounds that do not contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain just carbon.)  Often can be formed in the non-living (abiotic) environment, but :  Can also be made by/found in living things.  Examples: H 2 O, NaCl, O 2, NH 3, CaCO 3, CO 2

 table ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VS. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SubstanceOrganic?Inorganic? 1. sodium chloride (table salt): NaCl 2. glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 3. water: H 2 O 4. heating oil: C 14 H chitin (a protein): C 8 H 12 NO 5 6. thymine (a nitrogenous base): C 5 H 5 N 2 O 2 7. sulfuric acid: H 2 SO 4 8. oxygen gas: O 2 9. ethanol: C 2 H 5 OH 10. adenosine triphosphate (ATP): C 10 H 16 N 5 O 13 P carbon dioxide: CO 2

 The main organic molecules of living things  Are Polymers made from monomers  Monomers are small repeating units  Polymers are larger molecules made from putting the monomers together.  4 major groups of macromolecules:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Nucleic Acids  Protein MACROMOLECULES

GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins MonosaccharidesPolysaccharide Triglyceride Glycerol 3 fatty acids Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) Amino acids Nucleotides Polypeptide/protein The exception: Lipids are not composed of monomers and polymers. Instead, they take different forms which we will discuss.

MACROMOLECULES CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic AcidsProteins Foods in which they are found Breads, fruit, sweets, vegetables Fats (butter), oils (olive, etc.) All foods that came from living things Meat, fish, beans, soy

 2 major chemical processes (metabolic reactions) occur to build up or break down organic molecules into larger or smaller units  These reactions occur to build and break all four types of macromolecule (carb, lipid, nucleic acid, and protein)  Dehydration synthesis  hydrolysis BUILDING AND BREAKING DOWN MACROMOLECULES

 The chemical reaction where a large molecule is formed/synthesized from smaller molecules by taking away a water molecule DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

 The chemical reaction where a large molecule is broken down/hydrolized into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule HYDROLYSIS disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide

 Are sugar molecules  Made of the elements C, H, O in the ratio of 1:2:1  Main source of energy for living things  They range from small, monosaccharides (simple sugars)  to intermediate molecules such as disaccharides,  to large polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates). CARBOHYDRATES

 Monosaccharides  smallest unit or monomer of a carbohydrate  can be combined by dehydration synthesis to form larger molecules like disaccharides and polysaccharides Examples: Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose Chemical Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 CARBOHYDRATES glucose galactose fructose C 6 H 12 O 6

 Structural Isomers – same formula, but different structures  Another monosaccharide is ribose. It is a component of RNA (ribonucleic acid) CARBOHYDRATES glucose galactose fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 ribose C 5 H 10 O 5

 Disaccharide - a compound made by joining two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis  Examples: 1.Sucrose (table sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a fructose 2.Lactose (milk sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a galactose CARBOHYDRATES

 Polysaccharides - large molecules made by combining many monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis CARBOHYDRATES

 3 main examples of polysaccharides: CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharide:Found in:Made of:Used for: Starch Glycogen Cellulose Plants (starch granules) Glucose monomers Storage of excess sugar Animals (liver and muscles) Glucose monomers Storage of excess sugar Plants (cell walls) Glucose monomers Rigidity for firm cell walls

 Structure of Polysaccharides  All made of glucose monomers but in different arrangements: CARBOHYDRATES Straight chain Branched chain Diagonal bonds, many combined chains

 Why do endurance athletes often consume a diet high in complex carbohydrates while training?  If a starch polysaccharide 100 glucose molecules long is hydrolyzed, how many water molecules are needed to break the bonds? CARBOHYDRATES

 Are important for energy, cell structure, and waterproof coatings.  Generally not soluble in water  Contain C, H, O (NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio)  Lipids do not have a repeating structural monomer unit. They do not technically form polymers. Different lipids have different structures. LIPIDS

*1)Fats- triglycerides that are solid at room temperature; usually from animal sources  Examples: butter, shortening, lard *2) Oils- triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature; usually from plant sources  Examples: sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil 3) Waxes - ear wax, beeswax, and the waxy layer on the surface of plant leaves. 4) Steroids - cholesterol; hormones such as testosterone; pigments used in animal vision and in photosynthesis. 5) Phospholipids – important structural component of cell membranes TYPES OF LIPIDS

 Triglycerides are lipids that form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 molecules called fatty acids.  The structure of the fatty acid determines the function of the triglyceride TRIGLYCERIDES Glycerol 3 fatty acids

1) A fatty acid is SATURATED if each carbon in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is bonded to another carbon atom by a single bond (no C=C double or triple bonds)  tend to form molecules called Saturated fats which are solid at room temperature.  contain the maximum amount of hydrogens possible.  unfortunately, not very 'heart-healthy'! SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

 A fatty acid is UNSATURATED if there is at least one carbon- carbon double bond (monounsaturated). A fatty acid is said to be POLYUNSATURATED if there are more than one carbon-carbon double bond  tend to form molecules called oils which are liquid at room temperature.  contain fewer hydrogens  these are more "heart-healthy"! SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

 Fatty acids are attached to the glycerol molecules by dehydration synthesis.  This occurs at the carboxyl end of each fatty acid  The carboxyl group can be written as COOH or -COOH. The carboxyl group contains a carbonyl (C=O) group and a hydroxyl (–OH) group. FORMATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES Carboxyl group How many water molecules are removed in the formation of 1 triglyceride?

 Why do you think saturated fats are solid and unsaturated fats are liquids? Think about the structure/layout of each. TRIGLYCERIDES Saturated Unsaturated

 Melting point is the temperature at which a substance melts.  Which one of the fatty acids in the table is saturated?  Which is monounsaturated?  Which are polyunsaturated?  How does the number of double bonds affect the melting point? FATTY ACIDS

 Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information (EXAMPLES: DNA and RNA)  Contain C, H, O, N, P.  Made of monomers called nucleotides  Many nucleotides come together by dehydration synthesis to form the nucleic acid polymers (DNA or RNA)  Three parts to a nucleotide  Nitrogenous base  5-carbon sugar  Phosphate group NUCLEIC ACIDS

 A special nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores & releases energy.  ATP molecules are nucleotides but do not come together to make polymers. EXCEPTION Notice 3 phosphate groups instead of one in the ATP nucleotide

 DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid  Nucleic acid that stores genetic information  Holds the codes (genes) for proteins  Contains the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose  RNA- Ribonucleic acid  The helper molecule for DNA in the making of proteins  Contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose DNA AND RNA How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid above?

CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DNARNAProteinTrait