Do Now  What is matter?  What are elements?  What is the periodic table used for?  What is matter?  What are elements?  What is the periodic table used for?

Objectives  To list the different elements found in living things.  To explain what bonds are used for.  To determine the different functions of the 4 macromolecules as well as water in the body.  To list the different elements found in living things.  To explain what bonds are used for.  To determine the different functions of the 4 macromolecules as well as water in the body.

“How Cells Function” Chapter 2

A. Elements and Matter  What is matter?  Anything that has mass and takes up space  What is matter?  Anything that has mass and takes up space

A. Elements and Matter  i. All living and non-living things can be broken down into elements.  ii. Elements: pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.  i. All living and non-living things can be broken down into elements.  ii. Elements: pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.

Periodic Table Information  Atomic number- tells us the # of protons (and electrons)  Symbol- unique for each element.  Atomic Mass- # of protons plus # neutrons  Atomic number- tells us the # of protons (and electrons)  Symbol- unique for each element.  Atomic Mass- # of protons plus # neutrons C

A. Elements and Matter  iii. Each element has it’s own set of properties.  Ex: Oxygen  Colorless  Odorless  gas  iii. Each element has it’s own set of properties.  Ex: Oxygen  Colorless  Odorless  gas

B. Elements in the body i.  Oxygen  Carbon  Hydrogen  Nitrogen  Calcium  Phosphorus  19 others i.  Oxygen  Carbon  Hydrogen  Nitrogen  Calcium  Phosphorus  19 others

B. Elements in the body  ii. Can be found as a pure element or as a compound.**  Compound: atoms of 2 or more elements joined together by chemical bonds.  Ex: H 2 O (has both elements hydrogen and oxygen in it)  ii. Can be found as a pure element or as a compound.**  Compound: atoms of 2 or more elements joined together by chemical bonds.  Ex: H 2 O (has both elements hydrogen and oxygen in it)

C. Atoms  Elements are made up of atoms  i. Atom: smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.  Elements are made up of atoms  i. Atom: smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.

C. Atoms  Building blocks of matter  Contain 3 parts  Protons: positively charged, contain mass  Neutrons: no charge, contain mass  Electrons: negatively charged, insignificant mass  Building blocks of matter  Contain 3 parts  Protons: positively charged, contain mass  Neutrons: no charge, contain mass  Electrons: negatively charged, insignificant mass + -

Do Now!!  What is a compound?  Give an example  Name 3 elements found in our body.  What are the 3 parts of an atom and where are they located?  What is a compound?  Give an example  Name 3 elements found in our body.  What are the 3 parts of an atom and where are they located?

Objectives  To list and describe the different macromolecules found in our bodies.  To understand the importance of water in our bodies  To complete WebQuest  To list and describe the different macromolecules found in our bodies.  To understand the importance of water in our bodies  To complete WebQuest

Chemical Reactions  Why do we need chemical reactions?  ii. Chemical Reactions: bonds between atoms are broken or formed to make different molecules in the body.  Broken bonds: release energy  Formed bonds: store energy  Why do we need chemical reactions?  ii. Chemical Reactions: bonds between atoms are broken or formed to make different molecules in the body.  Broken bonds: release energy  Formed bonds: store energy + ATP (energy)

Macromolecules  Macro= BIG  4 different macromolecules all doing a different job in our body!  Macro= BIG  4 different macromolecules all doing a different job in our body!

A. Carbohydrates  Give us energy!!  Made up of C, H, O  Give us energy!!  Made up of C, H, O

A. Carbohydrates  Types of Carbs:  Simple: sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose  Ex: cookies, candy  Monosaccharides and Disaccharides  Complex: starches, glycogen, cellulose (fiber)  Ex: potatoes, leafy vegetables  Polysaccharides  Types of Carbs:  Simple: sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose  Ex: cookies, candy  Monosaccharides and Disaccharides  Complex: starches, glycogen, cellulose (fiber)  Ex: potatoes, leafy vegetables  Polysaccharides

Monosaccharide (glucose) Disaccharide Polysaccharide

B. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)  Store energy, insulation, protection  Made up of C,H,O  Contain a glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains  Fats are hydroPHOBIC - do not dissolve in water.  Store energy, insulation, protection  Made up of C,H,O  Contain a glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains  Fats are hydroPHOBIC - do not dissolve in water.

B. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)  Types:  Saturated: solid fat, BAD FOR YOU , comes from animals  Ex: lard, butter, fat on steak or chicken  Unsaturated: liquid, better for you, comes from vegetables  Ex: vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil o Trans: worst type of fat o Mostly man-made o Raises bad cholesterol, lowers good

Do Now!!  What are carbohydrates used in our bodies for?  Name some examples of foods containing carbohydrates.  What are lipids used in our bodies for?  Name examples of foods that contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.  What are carbohydrates used in our bodies for?  Name some examples of foods containing carbohydrates.  What are lipids used in our bodies for?  Name examples of foods that contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.

Objectives  To understand why we need protein in our diet.  To explain the function of nucleic acids in our bodies.  To understand how water provides a medium for chemical reactions in our body.  To understand why we need protein in our diet.  To explain the function of nucleic acids in our bodies.  To understand how water provides a medium for chemical reactions in our body.

C. Protein  Growth, repair, enzymes, transport  Made of C,H,O,N, and sometimes sulfur  Structure is repeating amino acids  Body makes some, we must EAT to get others.  Order of amino acids tells the protein what job it has.  Growth, repair, enzymes, transport  Made of C,H,O,N, and sometimes sulfur  Structure is repeating amino acids  Body makes some, we must EAT to get others.  Order of amino acids tells the protein what job it has.

D. Nucleic Acids  Holds genetic information!!  Made up of C,O,H,N,P  Structure is repeating nucleotides  Holds genetic information!!  Made up of C,O,H,N,P  Structure is repeating nucleotides

D. Nucleic Acids  Types:  DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (the blueprints for our cells)  RNA: ribonucleic acid (helps take the blueprints and make protein)  Types:  DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (the blueprints for our cells)  RNA: ribonucleic acid (helps take the blueprints and make protein)

E. Water  Chemical reactions take place in water!!  Known as the “universal solvent” because it dissolves things.  Ex: lemonade, kool aid, etc.  Made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen  Chemical reactions take place in water!!  Known as the “universal solvent” because it dissolves things.  Ex: lemonade, kool aid, etc.  Made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

E. Water  Makes up 70% of your body mass  Cannot dissolve lipids (fats), our membranes are made up of lipids  WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT??  Makes up 70% of your body mass  Cannot dissolve lipids (fats), our membranes are made up of lipids  WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT??

Do Now!!  What is an enzyme?  What does an enzyme act on?  Why does an enzyme have a specific shape?  What is an enzyme?  What does an enzyme act on?  Why does an enzyme have a specific shape?

Objectives  To define and give an example of an enzyme  To discuss the role of enzymes and why they’re important  To design our own lab procedures around enzyme action!  To define and give an example of an enzyme  To discuss the role of enzymes and why they’re important  To design our own lab procedures around enzyme action!

What you should know about enzymes! -Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst” (speeds up a reaction) - Usually end in “ase” -Not consumed in the reaction -Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst” (speeds up a reaction) - Usually end in “ase” -Not consumed in the reaction

What do they do?

How do they work?  A substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme.  This forms an enzyme substrate complex.  They then break or form bonds.  A substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme.  This forms an enzyme substrate complex.  They then break or form bonds.

How do they work? 

Enzymes in liver..  In our cells, hydrogen peroxide is produced as by-product:  Poisonous  Would kill cells if not broken down or removed right away  Catalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen 2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O + O 2  In our cells, hydrogen peroxide is produced as by-product:  Poisonous  Would kill cells if not broken down or removed right away  Catalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen 2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O + O 2 Catalase

So ponder this…  What happens if we mix liver (a source of catalase) with hydrogen peroxide???

Do Now!!  Socrative time!!  Please join room: dd  Socrative time!!  Please join room: dd236591

Objectives  To review enzymes and what their purpose is  To start designing our own experiments!  To review enzymes and what their purpose is  To start designing our own experiments!

Let’s brainstorm…

Do Now!! o What is the goal of the experiments you’re designing? o What are the factors you’re testing? o What is the desired outcome (your hypothesis)? o What is the goal of the experiments you’re designing? o What are the factors you’re testing? o What is the desired outcome (your hypothesis)?

Objectives  To design an experiment on catalase activity  To discuss lipids, nucleic acids, and water, and how they affect the body  To complete a periodic table review sheet  To design an experiment on catalase activity  To discuss lipids, nucleic acids, and water, and how they affect the body  To complete a periodic table review sheet

Let’s talk about catalase…  Optimum temperature: about 37ºC (98.6ºF)

Let’s talk about catalase…  Optimum pH: around

Do Now!!  What are the 4 macromolecules of life?  What do we get from carbohydrates?  What makes up proteins?  What are the 4 macromolecules of life?  What do we get from carbohydrates?  What makes up proteins?

Objectives  Complete periodic table review sheet  Discuss the importance of lipids and nucleic acids  To complete a macromolecule webquest  Complete periodic table review sheet  Discuss the importance of lipids and nucleic acids  To complete a macromolecule webquest

Do Now!!  How many neutrons does carbon have?  How many protons does chlorine have?  How many electrons does hydrogen have?  Explain to the person next to you how you determine the number of neutrons!  How many neutrons does carbon have?  How many protons does chlorine have?  How many electrons does hydrogen have?  Explain to the person next to you how you determine the number of neutrons!

Objectives  To complete Biochemistry WebQuest.  To finish notes on macromolecules.  To run our experiments!!!  To complete Biochemistry WebQuest.  To finish notes on macromolecules.  To run our experiments!!!