Ignacio Ulloa

 Different languages from different places must have a common ancestor

During the 19th century, PHILOLOGY came out with a term to describe this

 Proto: Original form  Indo: Modern languages in the Indian subcontinent  European: Modern languages in Europe Proto-Indo-European is only one of the “great-grandmothers” of languages, but there are about 30, with the result of over languages. Between these, Chinese has the most native speakers (around 1 billion), while English is more widely spoken around the world

Too see how modern languages are related, we must take a look at older languages

 Cognates: Within groups of related languages we found similarities in particular sets of terms  Comparative reconstruction: The process of comparation between modern languages to get to the original (proto) form.

Comparative Reconstruction Majority Principle Most natural development Principle

 Majority Principle: In a set of cognates, the majority of them have retained the original sound  Most natural development principle: Some types of sound changes are common, and some are very unlikely Reconstruction is used to determine how a language was, before written records began

 Old English Period: 7th Century – 11th Century  Middle English Period: 1100 – 1500  Modern English Period: 1500 – present

Germanic Languages Fused with Englisc (Anglosaxons) Latin (Christianity) Old Norse (Vikings)

Begins with the arrival of Normans Nobility, Gobernment, law, civilized people French Speakers who becameWho were

 Change of vowel sounds  Methatesis: Change in the position of joining sounds  Epenthesis: Addition of sounds in the middle of words  Prothesis: Addition of a sound to the beginning of a word

 Syntactic changes: Word order, such as subject after the verb, object before the verb or at the beginning of a sentence  Lexcial changes: Differences Modern English from Old English in the number of borrowed words, and also many of them have ceased to be used

Processes Broadenning (Generalization of words) Narrowing (especification of words) Processes, of course, were gradual. Most of them as a result of cultural transmition