History of Security Security Services

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Private Security What is private security? The wide range of activities used by nongovernment organizations and persons to protect themselves from criminal endeavors Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Private Security (continued) Studies show (Roberson & Birzer, 2010): Private security companies employ about 2 million officers in the U.S. There are less than 700,000 sworn law enforcement officers in the U.S. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Private Security (continued) Corporate – security departments within businesses or corporations Contract – firms that sell their services to the public, including businesses, homeowners, and banks Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Private Security (continued) Personal weapons Commissioned and non-commissioned officers Private investigations Barriers or walls around homes or cities Citizen protection groups Burglar alarms and installation Body guards and/or night watchmen Online banking protection and the security of data Guard dog trainers and handlers Qualified managers and/or security consultants Locksmiths Electronic access control service officers and installations Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Examples of Private Security The Great Wall of China Moats, bridges, and borders Modern gated communities Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Development in England King Edward I – divided England into districts and made the citizens responsible for their own security The middle class revolted and hired people to protect their districts for them In 1748, author Henry Fielding created the Bow Street Amateur Volunteer Force; proposed a permanent, professional, paid security force; encouraged the reporting of crimes Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Development in England (continued) The West India Trading Company created the Thames River Police as a private security force to deter theft at their port. The Thames River Police became the first regular professional police force in London Officers patrolled visibly to prevent thefts Officers were salaried – prohibited from taking fees Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Development in England (continued) The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 recorded a distinction between Police – maintain law and order Private security – security for private property Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Development in the U.S. and TX The watch system was imported from England New York, 1783 – the first formal policing agency, followed by Detroit, Cincinnati, and Chicago New York, 1844 – the first public police force was established Moral societies, including evangelical police, which enforced Puritan propriety Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Notable People in the U.S. Allan Pinkerton (1819-1884) 1850 – formed Chicago’s first private detective agency 1857 – founded the North West Police Agency, providing security for the railroad industry 1859 – founded the Pinkerton Protection Patrol, providing guard services for industrial companies Pinkerton is considered the father of the private security industry 1880s – Pinkerton maintained records of known criminals – the only general file of the time Pinkerton’s, Inc. is still one of the largest agencies providing security services in the U.S. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Notable People in the U.S. (continued) Allan Pinkerton – Fun facts Pinkerton fled to the U.S. from Scotland to escape arrest for political and social reform efforts The Pinkerton Agency is credited with chasing Butch Cassidy’s gang across the West into South America The Battle of Homestead – the infamous incident between mill laborers and Pinkerton officers in which women and children of the laborers on strike humiliated Pinkerton agents Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Notable People in the U.S. (continued) Wells and Fargo – the American Express Company partners for express freight delivery; used employees as security officers Washington Perry Brink – started Brinks, Inc. as a package delivery service; now the largest armored car and courier service in the U.S. Edwin Holmes – the first burglar alarm service American District Telegraph (ADT) – installed, monitored, and maintained alarm systems; responded to home alarm situations; services more than 5 million homes and 2 million businesses worldwide Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Notable People in the U.S. (continued) George R. Wackenhut Left the FBI in 1954 to start Special Agent Investigators, a private security company Forerunner for integrated security solutions, integrating physical security and electronic security equipment Wackenhut Nuclear Services – protects more than half of the U.S. commercial nuclear power-generating plants Wackenhut Services, Inc. – now the largest contract security provider to the federal government Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Development in the U.S. and TX (continued) The Texas Department of Public Safety Private Security Bureau originated in 1969 as the Texas Board of Private Investigators and Private Security Agencies 1998 – renamed as the Texas Commission on Private Security then associated with Texas Department of Public Safety in September 2003 In 2004 it was abolished and reestablished as the Department's Private Security Bureau Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Professional Security Associations American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) The first professional organization for security personnel Still the largest, with more than 35,000 members worldwide Its mission is to increase the effectiveness of security professionals and advocate the value of security management Certification programs include Certified Protection Professional, Physical Security Professional, and Professional Certified Investigator Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Professional Security Associations (continued) National Association of Security Companies (NASCO) The largest contract security trade association National Council of investigation and Security Services, Inc. (NCISS) Provides private security and investigation services to legal, business, and government professionals, and the public Addresses overly restrictive legislation for training and standards, local licensing, and public misunderstanding of the role of private investigators and security services. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Today’s Role of Private Security Private security agencies have moved beyond simply protecting private property The line between what is public and private property and who is responsible for policing it is blurred Private Security has advanced cyber security operations Private security has interfaced with U.S. state and city police agencies Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Today’s Role of Private Security (continued) Private security includes a wide variety of roles: Maintaining order in private and public places Hospital security Investigating alleged crimes Detaining alleged criminals in public spaces Training partner nations Providing ground and aviation logistics support Patrolling mass private property Guarding federal, state, city, and private facilities Working with the armed forces worldwide Supporting the operations of Customs and the Border Patrol Providing screening at airports and other U.S. transportation facilities Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Training Standards Training and qualification standards for contract security officers are subject to applicable state and federal regulations Standards may require An extensive background check and exam Certification for CPR, domestic violence, and first-aid Initial handgun proficiency and annual weapons requalification Drug testing Uniform requirements Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Federal Customers Federal customers for contract security include Federal Protective Services (FPS) Department of Defense Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Regulation of Private Security Federal Persons employed by federal agencies are regulated by the federal agency involved U.S. Private Security Officer Employment Act of 2004 – provides a convenient way for employers to obtain criminal histories from different states Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Regulation of Private Security State Training requirements range widely from a minimum of 4 hours to 40-plus hours Background screening – ranges from local to national criminal checks Additional requirements exist for armed officers The trend is toward increased state regulation Occupations Code Title 10 – occupations related to law enforcement and security Chapter 1702. Private security There are 5 levels of private security officer in the State of Texas: I, II, III, IV and Manager There are various occupational levels of Private Security Officer, Commissioned and Noncommissioned Officer, Private Investigator, Security Manager/Owner, and Process Server Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Regulation of Private Security (continued) Licensed private security officers must usually Be at least 18 Pass a background check Complete classroom training Pass random and ongoing drug tests Be a U.S. citizen or be authorized to work in the U.S. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Transformation of Policing Policing, the activity of making societies safe, is no longer carried out exclusively by governments Private security officers outnumber public police in most countries People spend more time in places where visible crime prevention and control are provided by nongovernmental groups This transformation is occurring worldwide, regardless of differences in wealth or economic systems The transformation is more accurately defined as multilateralization instead of privatization; public and private are being combined in new ways that make it difficult to separate public from private. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.

Resources 9780205592401, Introduction to Private Security: Theory Meets Practice, Roberson & Birzer, Prentice Hall, 2010. Occupations Code. Title 10. Chapter 1702. Private security http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/OC/htm/OC.1702.htm Texas Private Security Bureau (PSB), Texas Department of Public Safety http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/psb/ncso.htm U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) http://www.asisonline.org/about/history/index.xml Texas Private Security Bureau (PSB) http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/psb/ncso.htm U.S. Citizen and Immigration Services (USCIS) http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) http://www.asisonline.org/ National Council of Investigation and Security Services (NCISS) http://www.nciss.org/ National Association of Security Companies (NASCO) http://www.nasco.org/ Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2011. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission.