Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants Case Study: Dounreay Nuclear Facility Case Study: Dounreay Nuclear Facility Samuel Chapman Heriot-Watt University Samuel Chapman Heriot-Watt University

Dounreay site F Opened in 1955 F Developing Fast Breeder Reactor Technology (FBR) F Operated by United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) F Site has three nuclear reactors F Opened in 1955 F Developing Fast Breeder Reactor Technology (FBR) F Operated by United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) F Site has three nuclear reactors

Location Sites of UKAEA

Three Reactors F Dounreay Materials test reactor (DMTR) F F Dounreay Fast Reactor (DFR) F On-line November 1959 F Supplied National Grid from 1962 F Taken off-line for decommissioning, 1977  Supplied 600 million kWh during lifespan  Prototype Fast Reactor (PFR)  Supplied grid from  1994: end of nuclear power generation at site F Dounreay Materials test reactor (DMTR) F F Dounreay Fast Reactor (DFR) F On-line November 1959 F Supplied National Grid from 1962 F Taken off-line for decommissioning, 1977  Supplied 600 million kWh during lifespan  Prototype Fast Reactor (PFR)  Supplied grid from  1994: end of nuclear power generation at site

Subsequent Activity  Reactors have all been shut down  Care and maintenance of old plant and decommissioning activities have meant that large work-force retained.  Commercial reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and waste stopped by the UK government in  Some waste is still accepted from other nuclear facilities in special circumstances  Reactors have all been shut down  Care and maintenance of old plant and decommissioning activities have meant that large work-force retained.  Commercial reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and waste stopped by the UK government in  Some waste is still accepted from other nuclear facilities in special circumstances

Future of Site  On 1 April 1995 the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) became the owner of the site  UKAEA remaining as operator.  Decommissioning of Dounreay is planned to bring the site to an interim care and surveillance state by  Brown-field site by 2336, at a total cost of £ 2.9 billion (~ € 2.18 billion)  On 1 April 1995 the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) became the owner of the site  UKAEA remaining as operator.  Decommissioning of Dounreay is planned to bring the site to an interim care and surveillance state by  Brown-field site by 2336, at a total cost of £ 2.9 billion (~ € 2.18 billion)

 Apart from decommissioning the reactors, reprocessing plant, and associated facilities;  there are five main environmental issues to be dealt with:

 Irradiated nuclear fuel particles on the seabed near the plant, estimated about 10,000 in number. Some are being washed ashore, including as of 2006 about 70 smaller particles on the public Sandside Bay beach and one at a popular tourist beach at Dunnet.  The way these particles escaped the site has not been determined, there are several plausible possibilities.  The risk to the public is considered low.  Irradiated nuclear fuel particles on the seabed near the plant, estimated about 10,000 in number. Some are being washed ashore, including as of 2006 about 70 smaller particles on the public Sandside Bay beach and one at a popular tourist beach at Dunnet.  The way these particles escaped the site has not been determined, there are several plausible possibilities.  The risk to the public is considered low. 11

 18,000m 3 of radiologically contaminated land, and 28,000m 3 of chemically contaminated land.  1,350m 3 of high and medium active liquors and 2,550m 3 of unconditioned intermediate level nuclear waste in store.  1,500 tonnes of sodium, 900 tonnes of this radioactively contaminated from the Prototype Fast Reactor.  18,000m 3 of radiologically contaminated land, and 28,000m 3 of chemically contaminated land.  1,350m 3 of high and medium active liquors and 2,550m 3 of unconditioned intermediate level nuclear waste in store.  1,500 tonnes of sodium, 900 tonnes of this radioactively contaminated from the Prototype Fast Reactor

 A 65m deep shaft used for intermediate level nuclear waste disposal.  Shaft never designed as waste depository and was used on a very general and poorly monitored basis.  Relic of a process by which a waste-discharge pipe was constructed, designed to discharge into sea.  Historic use of the shaft as waste depository has resulted in one hydrogen gas explosion.  At one time it was normal for workers to fire rifles into the shaft to sink polythene bags floating on water.  A 65m deep shaft used for intermediate level nuclear waste disposal.  Shaft never designed as waste depository and was used on a very general and poorly monitored basis.  Relic of a process by which a waste-discharge pipe was constructed, designed to discharge into sea.  Historic use of the shaft as waste depository has resulted in one hydrogen gas explosion.  At one time it was normal for workers to fire rifles into the shaft to sink polythene bags floating on water. 55

 In 2007 UKAEA pleaded guilty to four charges under the Radioactive Substances Act 1960 relating to activities between 1963 and 1984.Radioactive Substances Act 1960  One of disposing of radioactive waste at a landfill site at the plant between 1963 and 1975 and,  three of allowing nuclear fuel particles to be released into the sea, resulting in a fine £ 140,000.  In 2007 UKAEA pleaded guilty to four charges under the Radioactive Substances Act 1960 relating to activities between 1963 and 1984.Radioactive Substances Act 1960  One of disposing of radioactive waste at a landfill site at the plant between 1963 and 1975 and,  three of allowing nuclear fuel particles to be released into the sea, resulting in a fine £ 140,000.

Current State of Shaft F More than 11,000 disposals took place until F A wide variety of radiologically contaminated material was dumped in Shaft. F Since then, environmental legislation has been tightened. F UKAEA are now required to remove all the waste from the Shaft. F More than 11,000 disposals took place until F A wide variety of radiologically contaminated material was dumped in Shaft. F Since then, environmental legislation has been tightened. F UKAEA are now required to remove all the waste from the Shaft.

 A £ 16 million contract to isolate the Shaft was awarded in October 2004 to Ritchies, the specialist geotechnical division of Edmund Nuttall Ltd.

Contents of Shaft

Hydraulically Isolating Shaft F Isolating the Shaft involves building a raised working platform F Drilling up to 400 boreholes and injecting grout into rock fractures and the liquid effluent discharge tunnel F Restricts water movement to and from the Shaft F Creates a stable environment for waste retrieval in the future F Isolating the Shaft involves building a raised working platform F Drilling up to 400 boreholes and injecting grout into rock fractures and the liquid effluent discharge tunnel F Restricts water movement to and from the Shaft F Creates a stable environment for waste retrieval in the future

Working Platform F To allow the boreholes to be drilled requires use of raised working platform F Constructed by placing a concrete core within a structural concrete facing F Built up from the height of the existing Dounreay foreshore to the height of the existing Shaft building. F To allow the boreholes to be drilled requires use of raised working platform F Constructed by placing a concrete core within a structural concrete facing F Built up from the height of the existing Dounreay foreshore to the height of the existing Shaft building.

Contruction Phases of Raised Concrete Platfrom

Design

Natural state of proposed location

Construction Problems Coastal Situation

Completed Works

Commencing of Borehole Drilling

Locations of initial sealing of outflow pipe

Future? F “Complete” decommissioning of the site F Removal of three reactors, waste from shaft and construction materials F Still nowhere yet for permenant storage of waste! F Stored at Dounreay, above ground stores pending a national policy for the management of intermediate-level waste. F “Complete” decommissioning of the site F Removal of three reactors, waste from shaft and construction materials F Still nowhere yet for permenant storage of waste! F Stored at Dounreay, above ground stores pending a national policy for the management of intermediate-level waste.

Thanks for your Attention!

Bibliography F UKAEA website F F Decommissioning factsheet F Shaft project updates F Shaft isolation Project_Raised Platform Construct F Wikipedia F Dounreay F Google Images F UKAEA website F F Decommissioning factsheet F Shaft project updates F Shaft isolation Project_Raised Platform Construct F Wikipedia F Dounreay F Google Images