Windpower

The contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to the world energy suply in 2040 – Projections in Mtoe

Growth rates of diferent technologies in EREC Scenario

Growth of Wind Energy Capacity Worldwide Rest of World ActualProjected Rest of World North America Europe Jan 2006 Cumulative MW = 56,813 Rest of World = 7,270 North America = 9,550 Europe = 39,993 MW Installed Sources: BTM Consult Aps, Sept 2005 Windpower Monthly, January 2006

Windpower The average wind speed in different months ( m / s ) Spot \ MonthJanFebMarcAprMayJunJulAugSeptOktNovDec Yearly Average Budapest, Csillagvizsgáló 3,43,63,93,73,13,02,93,13,03,33,23,63,3 Budapest, Obszervatórium 3,33,74,14,23,73,63,53,63,23,33,03,6 Debrecen, Repülőtér 3,33,23,5 3,22,82,72,5 2,62,53,02,9 Kecskemét3,03,23,73,63,02,72,6 2,52,72,63,23,0 Kékestető3,2 3,13,42,62,22,42,62,83,63,33,63,0 Keszthely2,62,83,5 2,83,02,42,52,12,43,0 2,8

Windturbine’s structure 1. Base 2. Tower 3. Nacelle

Windturbine’s structure 1. Blades 2. Rotor 3. Pitch 4. Brake 5. Low-speed shaft 6. Gear box 7. Generator 8. Controller 9. Anemometer 10. Wind Vane 11. NaceIIe 12. High-speed shaft 13. Yaw drive 14. Yaw motor 15. Tower

The Schematic of Wind Turbine

How does the WIND TURBINE work?

Cord Middle line  Angle of attack Velocity How does the WIND TURBINE work?

Lift FLFLFLFL Drag FDFDFDFD c

Pressure distribution around an airfoil HH Pressure along the upper surface Pressure along the lower surface How does the WIND TURBINE work?

 Peripheral velocity = U U C Wind velocity = C Relative velocity = V V How does the WIND TURBINE work?

U V C FLFLFLFL FDFDFDFD Torque Trust How does the WIND TURBINE work?

U V C Torque Trust U V C Torque Trust How does the WIND TURBINE work?

Torque Trust C F thrust M’ torque  F’ thrust M’ thrust How does the WIND TURBINE work?

The physical limits of the transform of wind energy v1 [m/s]—Windspeed, in front of blade v2 [m/s]—Windspeed, behind the blade v [m/s]—Windspeed, trough the blade F [m2]—Blade’s covering area  [kg/m3]—air density N [W]—Power of wind mill

The physical limits of the transform of wind energy és

Power in the Wind = ½ρAV 3 A - Area of the circle swept by the rotor ρ = Air density V = Wind Velocity Wind Turbine Power Basics Wind Turbine Power Curve

Functioning of a windmill Isolated working method In isolated working method the energy doesn’t goes in the national electric network. The produced electricity is used only locally. Such a places are not connected to national electric network. In e.g.: farms, hunter cottage, workshops. Intake working method The produced electricity is intaken to the national electric network or to the local electric distributor network. The electric Power Co. pays for the so produced electricity.

Functioning of a Windturbine Intake working method

Hungary first windturbine’s major technological datas 1.Type: ENERCON E-40 Without clatch with variable rev and bladeangle. 2.Nominal efficiency:600 kW 3.Shaft height:65 m 4.Blade span:44 m 5.Number of blades:3 piece 6.Rotation number/RPM/:18-341/min 7.Min. wind speed:2,5 m/s (9 km/h) 8.Max. wind speed:25 m/s (90 m/s) 9.Produced voltage:440 V 10.Network intake:20000 V 11.Expected production:1200 MWh/year 12.Production in first year:1230 MWh

At it’s simplest, the wind turns the turbine’s blades, which spin a shaft connected to a generator that makes electricity. Large turbines are grouped together to form a wind power plant, which feeds electricity to the grid. Schematic of Wind Plant

Offshore GE Wind Energy 3.6 MW Prototype Boeing

Deep Water Wind Turbine Development Current Technology

Windy onshore sites are not close to coastal load centers The electric utility grid cannot be easily set up for interstate electric transmission Load centers are close to the offshore wind sites Offshore Wind – U.S. Rationale Why Go Offshore? Graphic Credit: Bruce Bailey AWS Truewind US Population Concentration Graphic Credit: GE Energy % area class 3 or above US Wind Resource

U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Opportunity U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Resource Resource Not Yet Assessed

Typical Offshore Wind Farm Layout Cable Laying Ship

Source: Wind Directions, September 2004 Location of Existing Offshore Installations Worldwide 804-MW Installed Dec 2005

Horns Rev Wind Farm - Denmark Country: Denmark Location: West Coast Total Capacity: 160 MW Number of Turbines: 80 Distance to Shore: km Depth: 6-12 m Capital Costs: 270 million Euro Manufacturer: Vestas Total Capacity: 2 MW Turbine-type: V m diameter Hub-height: 70-m Mean Windspeed: 9.7 m/s Annual Energy output: 600 GWh

Wind Turbine Size

Arklow Banks Windfarm The Irish Sea Photo: R. Thresher

Fixed Bottom Substructure Technology Monopile Foundation Gravity Foundation Tripod/Truss Foundation  Most Common Type  Minimal Footprint  Depth Limit 25-m  Low stiffness  Larger Footprint  Depth Limit?  Stiffer but heavy  No wind experience  Oil and gas to 450-m  Larger footprint Graphics source: Proven DesignsFuture

Future Concepts Commercialization is long term

Offshore Wind Turbine Access Credit: GE Energy Photo: Elsam

RePower 5-MW - Worlds Largest Turbine 5-MW Rating 61.5-m blade length (LM Glasfibres) Offshore Demonstration project by Talisman Energy in Beatrice Fields  45-m Water Depths  Two machines