Movers and Shakers Vocabulary Review Created By Jacob Feinland

Convection Current The theoretical cycle, where hot, light liquid in the mantle beneath the Earth’s crust, rises, cools, and sinks, causing Earth’s plates to move.

Plate Tectonics The theory that Earth’s lithosphere is broken into sections called plates.

Pangaea The single landmass existing about 200,000,000 years ago that was compiled of all of the continents

Inner Core The central, most dense part of the Earth made mostly of iron.

Outer Core The larger and less dense layer towards the center of the Earth that surrounds the inner core.

Mantle The large plastic-like layer of molten rock below the crus.t

Lithosphere The crust and part of the upper mantle, which together make up Earth’s plates.

Seafloor Spreading The theory that hot, light material in the mantle rises, breaks through the seafloor, pushes the crust apart, and cools to become the new ocean floor.

Continental Drift The theory that continents have slowly moved to their current locations.

Convergent Boundary When two plates are pushed against each other.

Divergent Boundary When two plates separate, and a gap is left in between.

Transform Boundary When two plates slide past each other.

Fault The surfaces rocks move along when they break.

Earthquake Vibrations created by the breaking of rock.

Seismic Wave A wave of energy caused by an earthquake.

Primary Wave The seismic wave in which the energy moves in the same direction as the wave.

Secondary Wave The seismic wave in which the energy moves side to side at angles perpendicular to the wave.

Surface Wave The seismic wave in which the energy travels up and down in the wave.

Epicenter The part of the surface of the Earth that is directly above the focus

Magnitude A measure of the amount of energy released in an earthquake

Hot Spot An area in the mantle that is unusually hot. Rock melts there and is pushed through the crust, forming a volcano.

Subduction Zone An area at a convergent boundary, where an oceanic is pushed underneath a continental plate.

Magma Hot melted rock below the Earth’s crust.

Eruption When material suddenly bursts from its container after a build up of pressure.

Shield Volcano The gently sloped volcano that forms when basaltic lava erupts quietly and spreads out in flat layers.

Cinder Cone Volcano The steep sloped volcano that forms when explosive eruptions of lava turns into tephra and fall.

Composite Volcano A volcano formed when a cycle of alternating explosive and quiet eruptions take place, forming alternating tephra and lava layers.

Ring of Fire A circle of many active volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean.

Trench The area on the Earth’s surface between the two colliding plates at a Subduction zone.

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