Psychogenic perspective chief causes of abnormal functioning is psychological Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness, characterized by narrowed attention and and increased openness to suggestion

Josef Breuer Normal people experienced deafness, paralysis, blindness, or numbness by hypnotic suggestion.Normal people experienced deafness, paralysis, blindness, or numbness by hypnotic suggestion. cause and cure physical dysfunction.Mental process-hypnotic suggestion- could both cause and cure physical dysfunction. awoke free of hysterical symptoms after speaking candidly under hypnosis about past upsetting events(Viennese physician) patients awoke free of hysterical symptoms after speaking candidly under hypnosis about past upsetting events.

Hypnosis Divided State of Consciousness Dual processing –Implicit= unconsc. processing –Explicit= conscious processing Earnest Hilgard –Divided or Neodissociated –Hidden observer Part of the brain operates as an interpreter or reporter of events Altered state of consciousness Social Phenomenon Sociocognition Response to social factors –Obedience to hypnotist, –Conformity with other participants –Role playing Fantasy prone individuals more prone to social influence

Ernest Hilgard Dissociation or split awareness * Multiple personalitiesDissociation or split awareness * Multiple personalities PET scan –hand in hot water told painful, or minimally unpleasant –Felt no conscious pain –When tapped into the hidden observer with prearranged sign, reports of pain

Extension of everyday social behavior: Waking suggestibility Selection of responsive subjects The hypnosis label disinhibits Hypnotist as director Stage hypnotist uses tricks! STAGE HYPNOSIS

Effects of hypnosis…valid? Superhuman acts of strength Age Regression –Pseudo-memories hypermnesia –Enhance memory Post hypnotic suggestion –amnesia Pain Relief Sensory changes

So you want to try hypnosis? good candidate1 st task… determine whether you are a good candidate for hypnosis… –Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales –Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales (12 exercises) –Barber Suggestibility Scales –Barber Suggestibility Scales (8 exercises) 2nd task…therapist will discuss the medical or psychological condition you wish to work on

Who and Why? Imaginative Prone to fantasy Easily absorbed in tasks If willing to be… –Will not do something they wouldn’t normally do –Similar to obedience studies 8/10 can 4/10 good High motivation Role enactment Self fulfilling expectations Asthma Allergy Stroke Multiple sclerosis Parkinsons Cerebral palsy Control nausea/vomiting Reduce bleeding during surgery Steady heartbeat Bring down blood pressure Lose weight Relief from spasms

Inducing Hypnosis many different routines… All encourage person to –Focus attention on what is being said –Relax and feel tired –To “let go” and accept suggestions easily –Use vivid imagination Normal will power reduced Most will not act out suggestions they consider immoral or repulsive. Self…auto suggestion-hypnotist acts as a guide to help another person follow a series of suggestions that alter sensation, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

What does it feel like? Mild feeling of floating, sinking, anesthesia, separation from body. people are aware of what is going on & remain in control of behavior. Feel like actions & experiences are automatic (happen with out effort)

ethical concerns …lay hypnotists using hypnosis to treat mental health conditions –conditions they are not trained to treat stage hypnotist should not attempting to treat patients volunteers sustain unpleasant or dangerous psychological outcomes stage hypnosis is not dangerous, but can indeed mislead the public about the nature of hypnosis. Fear… might keep a consumer from seeking treatment from a mental health professional who uses hypnotic techniques. may be liability issues for the stage hypnotist. American Society for Clinical Hypnosis