© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Psychology in Action, Fifth Edition by Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion Paul J. Wellman Texas A&M University

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Lecture Overview Issues in Motivation Theories of Motivation Issues in Emotion Theories of Emotion

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Motivation Motivation refers to factors in a person that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal –Factors include needs, desires, interests Motivation areas include –Eating and drinking –Arousal –Achievement

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Hunger The body requires regular ingestion of nutrients to provide fuel for the brain and muscles –Lack of fuel quickly leads to hunger, which motivates the seeking and ingestion of food Internal hunger factors: –Distension of the stomach reduces hunger –Blood borne signals include glucose, insulin, and leptin Leptin is a signal from fat cells that reduces eating

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Brain Control of Hunger Eating is modulated by the hypothalamus –Undereating occurs after destruction of the LH –Overeating occurs after destruction of the VMH

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e External Control of Eating Culture is a key factor in the control of eating –When we eat (dinner at 6 pm or 10 pm) –What we eat (red meat versus vegetarian) Group size: amount consumed increases as the size of the dinner party increases External cues of food may produce greater internal impact (salivation, insulin secretion) in some people

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Eating Disorders America is obsessed with lean bodies –College students rated themselves more likely to date a prostitute than to date an obese person (Vener and Krupka, 1985) Eating disorders include –Anorexia nervosa Loss of 15-25% of body weight Distorted body image (seen as fat even when lean) –Bulimia nervosa Binge eating followed by vomiting or laxative use

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Arousal Arousal refers to a general level of alertness and mental/physical activation We prefer to maintain a set level of arousal –Avoid over-arousal –Seek stimulation From D.O. Hebb’s Organization of Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, Copyright, 1949.

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Sensation-Seeking Zuckerman notes that some people seek extreme arousal –Skiing off of a cliff Four factors that contribute to sensation- seeking –Thrill seeking (driving fast) –Experience seeking (travel, drug experiences) –Disinhibition (letting loose) –Low tolerance for boredom

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Achievement Murray identified a need for achievement as a human motive –Achievement motivation (nAch) is the need for success, the desire to excel, and the need to master challenging tasks –Achievement motivation seems to be learned in childhood, related to parents who encourage independence –Achievement motivation varies across cultures

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Achievement Issues Characteristics of people who are high in nAch: –Prefer moderately difficult tasks –More attracted to careers and tasks that involve competition and an opportunity to excel –Prefer tasks that have a clear outcome –Are more likely to persist at difficult tasks –Achieve more than others

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e General Theories of Motivation Instinct refers to fixed behavioral patterns –Instincts are unlearned, are always expressed in the same way, and are universal within a species Drive Reduction: a biological need produces arousal that is aversive, satisfying the need is reinforcing Psychosocial theories point to incentives and cognitions

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Homeostasis

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Data based on Hierarchy of Needs in “A Theory of Human Motivation” in MOTIVATION AND PERSONALITY by Abraham H. Maslow. Copyright 1979 by Abraham H. Maslow. Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Emotions Emotions are stirred up states Components of emotion include –Cognitive: thoughts, beliefs and expectations –Physiological: Internal physical changes related to arousal –Behavioral: Outward signs of an emotional state

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Brain Control of Emotion Limbic system is involved in emotional states –Includes the amygdala, the hypothalamus and cingulate cortex Frontal lobes modulate emotions (Phineas Gage)

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Arousal and Emotion

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Emotional Expression Emotional states are communicated via –Facial expressions Certain emotional facial expressions are recognized across cultures –Body movements can signal emotional arousal (hair twisting, facial tics) –Tone of voice can signal emotion (paralanguage cues)

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Theories of Emotion

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e Copyright Copyright 2000 by John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.