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1888 – Munro – Cadaver Dissection – Ligation 1940 – 50 years later surgical Rx. PDA closure 1971 – Cather based closure Rx. Options Structures in close proximity to ductus Recurrent Laryngeal nerve Thoracic duct Phrenic nerve

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) Associated Congenital Anomalies Direction of shunt – L R or R L PVR = ( Mean pulmonary artery pressure – mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure )  cardiac output = 1.7~2.0 mmHgL -1 min or 144 dyne.sec.cm -5

PGE 2 Production by the ductus PGE 2 high levels from placenta No clearance of PGE 2 by fetal lungs Difference in oxygen tensions At birth – Placental supply of PGE 2 is cut off Metabolism by lungs removes PGE 2  levels of PGE 2 stimulate closure of Ductus

Functional Closure –Occurs with in 15 hours after birth Anatomical Closure –Takes place with in 6 to 8 weeks Spontaneous closure after birth –Can occur up to 2 years Best time for surgical closure –3 years of age

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart disease that is usually noted in the first few weeks or months after birth. It is characterized by a connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which allows oxygen-rich blood intended for systemic circulation to reenter the lungs

Prematurity < 32 weeks – 20%; < 28 weeks 60% Low birth weight Maternal Rubella Fetal Alcoholic Syndrome (FAS) Asphyxia around term and delivery Familial or Genetics 5 to 10% of all C.H.Ds Approximate incidence – 0.02% to % Gender: Male v/s Female – is 1:2

Location of PDA Usually left side Occasionally right side From the bifurcation of PA to The descending part of Aortic Arch Distal to the origin of the Lt. subclavian A Embryologically it is from 6 th aortic arch

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Conical Window Tubular Complex Elongated A B C D E

20% by 20 years of age 45% by 45 years of age 60% by 70 years of age

Effort intolerance Pulmonary congestion CHF in adults Arrhythmias in adults Wide pulse pressure Collapsing pulse Hyper dynamic apex Displaced apex – LVH Differential cyanosis S 1 and S 2 muffled Paradoxical split of S 2 Precordial thrill SS notch, 2 nd Lt. space Continuous murmur Machinery murmur Train in tunnel murmur Gibson’s murmur Respiratory variation

Congenital, Developmental Disorders Patent ductus arteriosus Coronary arteriovenous fistula Anomalous origin coronary artery/sinus Aortic septal defect / window Anatomic, Foreign Body, Structural Disorders Sinus of Valsalva ruptured aneurysm Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula Functional, Physiologic Variant Disorders Cervical venous hum, Mammary soufflé

Left to Right Right to Left Direction of shunt depends on pressures

1.Effort intolerance 2.Signs of PHT and Right heart overload 3.Differential cyanosis 4.Clubbing 5.Disappearance of diastolic component of the continuous murmur 6.Pulse no more collapsing 7.Syncope is not a feature of PDA

May be normal ECG LVH may be seen Pulmonary hypertension ST-T changes due to LV strain RVH, RAE may be seen

Available in boxes of 5 vials/ampules Cost per vial Rs – mcg drug in one ml vial – dilute with 49 cc D5 Standard concentration 10 mcg/ml (NEOFAX) or (PROSTIN) mcg/kg/min IV

1.Spontaneous closure (with in 2 years) 2.If symptomatic treatment is prudent a)  systemic O 2 delivery b)Respiratory distress 3.Medical management a)IV Indomethacin (Indocin) 0.2mg/kg x hourly b)IV Ibuprofen (NeoProfen) 10 mg/kg – 5mg/kg c)Bacterial Endocarditis prophylaxis, Antibiotics d)Diuretics/ Digoxin – BNP guided Rx.

4. Catheter based closure of PDA a)Gainturco – Spring Occluding Coils b)Amplatzer Duct Occluder – ADO I & ADO II c)Rashkind Duct Occluding Device – RDOD 5. Surgical closure a)Ligation and Division – L&D – Open surgery b)Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) Ideal age for surgical / device closure – 3 yrs. Contraindication – Any disease of pulm. valve

Age more than 3 years Children less than who are symptomatic Significant left-to-right shunt suggested by –Symptomatic – effort intolerance, recurrent LRI, –e/o left-sided volume overload, LVH, LAE –Reversible pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) Irreversible pulmonary vascular disease (Eisenmenger syndrome) – e/o shunt reversal Other associated congenital heart diseases

1.Echocardiography of PDA 2.Devise closure of PDA 3.Surgical closure of PDA Click on the enclosed video files in the folder