Psychology EMOTION

Would you like never to be sad again?  Ordered Sharing  Sit in a closed circle  Reflect on a question  When someone is ready in the group, begin sharing  Go to the left of who shares first until everyone has shared. You may pass, but the question will come back to you at the end.  Continue with open discussion  Working Agreements  Put away any distractions  Practice curiosity  Listen to Understand  Encourage All Voices

Emotions  Paul Ekman  Seven primary or universal human emotions. 1. Fear 2. Disgust 3. Anger 4. Sadness 5. Surprise 6. Contempt 7. Joy

Universal Emotions

 Universal emotions across species (Ekman)

Emotions  Display rules across cultures (Ekman)

Emotions  Display rules across cultures (Ekman)

Emotions  Display rules across cultures (Ekman)

Emotion

Need for Affect Scale  Approach behavior versus avoidance behavior

Need for Affect Scale  Approach behavior versus avoidance behavior  Need to approach is assessed with items 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, and 26. Need to avoid is measured with items 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, and 25. To score each subscale, students should add the numbers in front of each set of 13 items, thus obtaining two separate scores.  The subscale scores can range from –39 to +39, with higher scores reflecting greater emotional approach and greater emotional avoidance. Mean scores for 252 psychology undergraduates were and –9.24 on the approach and avoidance scales, respectively.

Need for Affect Scale  Approach behavior versus avoidance behavior  An overall score assessing need for affect is defined as emotion approach minus emotion avoidance. Thus, total scores can range from – 78 to +78, with higher scores reflecting greater need for affect.

Need for Affect Scale

Emotions  Robert Plutchick  Eight primary emotions  The emotional wheel

Emotions  Emotional differences  Men and women Biological

Emotion

Emotions  Emotional differences  Men and women Biological Cultural United States Other countries

Emotion Gender and Expressiveness: Although male and female students did not differ dramatically in self-reported emotions or physiological responses while viewing emotional films, the women’s faces showed much more emotion.

Sensation Seeking

 Four forms of sensation seeking:  Thrill and adventure seeking  Experience seeking  Disinhibition  Boredom susceptibility

Emotions  Emotion – an emotion is a four-part process involving physiological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretations, and behavioral expression.

Emotion  Emotion result from four occurrences: 1. You interpret some stimulus 2. You have a subjective feeling 3. You experience physiological responses 4. You display observable behavior

The Biology of Emotion  Biological aspects of emotion  “no emotion center”  The limbic system “fight or flight”  Cerebral cortex Lateralization of emotion  Autonomic nervous system

Emotion

The Biology of Emotion  Biological Aspects of Emotion  “no emotion center”  The limbic system “fight or flight”  Cerebral cortex Lateralization of emotion  Autonomic nervous system  Hormones Serotonin Epinephrine (adrenalin)

Emotion

 Opening Activity: Orientations to Happiness Assessment  Happiness thru pleasure items 3, 8, 13, 15, 16, and 18  Happiness thru engagement items 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10  Happiness thru meaning Items 2, 5, 11, 12, 14, and 17  Scores range from 6-30, with higher scores reflecting a stronger orientation to that particular way of being happy.

Theories of Emotion  James-Lange theory  You experience physiological changes  Your brain interprets physiological changes  You feel a specific emotion

Theories of Emotion-Lange Theory Rate as 1 to 5, where 1 = Not at all Funny, and 5 = Extremely Funny

Emotion  Facial Feedback Theory  The muscles in your face move to form an expression  Your brain interprets the muscle movement  You feel an emotion  You demonstrate observable behavior

Theories of Emotion  Cannon-Bard theory  Your experience activates the thalamus.  The thalamus sends messages to the cerebral cortex and body organs simultaneously.  You feel an emotion and your body reacts at the same time.

Theories of Emotion  Cannon-Bard Theory

Theories of Emotion  Two factor theory (Schachter-Singer)  You experience perceptual stimulus  You interpret (cognitively) environmental cues  You feel an emotion and have a physiological response

Theories of Emotion  Two factor theory

Theories of Emotion  Cognitive appraisal theory (Lazarus)  Emotions are a result of a cognitive appraisal of a situation

Theories of Emotion  Reflection: Which theory makes the most sense to you?  James-Lange  Cannon-Bard theory  Schachter-Singer or two factor theory  Cognitive appraisal theory

Checking for Understanding Example #1: You're taking the last bus of the night, and you're the only passenger. A single man gets on and sits in the row behind you. When your stop comes around, he also gets off the bus. He's walking behind you. You feel tingles down your spine with a rush of adrenaline and you know that there have been several muggings in your city over the past few weeks, so you feel afraid. Example #2: You're home alone and hear creaking in the hallway outside your room. You begin to tremble and sweat, and you feel afraid.

Checking for Understanding Example #3: You're late leaving work, and as you head across the parking lot to your car, you hear footsteps behind you in the dark. Your heart pounds and your hands start to shake and feel fear. Example #4: You're buying a few last-minute items at the gas station, when two young men in hooded sweatshirts enter the store in a hurry, with their hands in their jacket pockets. You begin thinking to yourself perhaps they're here to rob the place, so you get scared, and your feel like you might throw up.

Emotion  Deception  Detecting deception  The polygraph test Problems and criticisms

Emotion  Emotional Intelligence  Emotional intelligence is not fixed  Components of EQ Emotional Awareness Managing One’s Emotions Self-Motivation Empathy Coaching Others’ Emotions  The Marshmallow test (video clip TED)

Emotion  Reflection: Write a short reflection on what you learned about yourself from the reflection and how you can use this information in the future.

Emotion