Chapter 27, Section 2: World War II Begins Main Idea: Japanese and German aggression plunged the world into a war that eventually involved the United States.

Japanese Invasion of China, 1937 A. Japan Sparks War in Asia u Japan began an all-out war against China in u This alarmed American leaders, who felt it undermined the Open Door Policy, which promised equal trading rights in China. u Even though most Americans opposed Japan’s actions, isolationism prevented the US from taking any action.

B. Germany Brings War to Europe u Hitler continued his plans to expand Germany by reclaiming land that was lost after WWI in the Versailles Treaty. –After he built up Germany’s military & moved troops into the Rhineland, he annexed Austria in 1938 (called the “Anschluss”). This was also a violation of the Treaty, and once again, no action is taken by Britain or France. –He then claimed the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia, in 1938, claiming that it should be part of Germany due to the fact that a lot of Germans were living there.Appeasement u At the Munich Conference in 9/38, Hitler promised Britain & France that he would seek no more land after this. To keep the peace, they agreed to his terms. –Appeasement – giving in to aggression in order to avoid war/conflict u All of these were violations of the Treaty of Versailles from WWI, but Britain and France gave in to Hitler each time, hoping to keep the peace (appeasement).

The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament. No effective military force. Soviet poster on the Munich Agreement

Germany Invades the Rhineland March 7, 1936 The Austrian Anschluss, 1938

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain The “Problem” of the Sudetenland Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

u In hindsight, appeasement was a bad idea. Hitler got bolder and more powerful with each move.appeasement was a bad idea –He takes rest of Czechoslovakia after the Munich Conference (after he promised not to take any more). Invasion of Poland u Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) - Hitler & Stalin (rival dictators) agreed not to attack each other, & secretly divided up Poland & other parts of Eastern Europe. u With assurances that neither one would not interfere with the other, Hitler invades Poland on 9/1/39 ( blitzkrieg – lightning war). blitzkrieg u Meanwhile Stalin invades eastern Poland, along with Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, & Latvia, to build his defenses. German Troops March into Warsaw

The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

C. A Second World War u Two days after Hitler’s invasion of Poland, Britain & France declare war on Germany. u The Axis - Germany, Italy, Japan & 6 others. u The Allies - Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, China and 45 others. Fall of France  Hitler's armies defeated Denmark, Norway, Holland, & Belgium quickly & easily.  The British sent troops to France to help them fight the Germans, but they too were defeated.  Dunkirk (English Channel)  France surrendered on 6/22/40 (major shock!) Battle of Britain  Britain now stood alone as the only country to defend Europe (USSR & USA were not in yet).  Winston Churchill speech on 6/4/40:  “We shall fight on the beaches … we shall fight in the fields & in the streets … we shall never surrender.”  Germany carpet-bombed English cities for months, trying to force their surrender. Eventually, Hitler gave up his planned invasion of England & turned his attention elsewhere (big mistake!). Now Britain Is All Alone!

France – False Sense of Security?

France Surrenders June, 1940 Henri Petain A Divided France

Battle of Britain: The “Blitz” British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

D. The US Moves Toward War Aid to the Allies u After war broke out, FDR looked for ways to help the Allies, while staying neutral. –The “cash-&-carry” plan allowed the US to sell weapons to the Allies, as long as they paid in advance & got them on their own ships. –“Destroyers-for-Bases” allowed the US to give Britain 50 old ships in exchange for 99-year leases on 2 British military bases. Prepared for War u The US increased military spending & America had the first peacetime draft in its history in 1940 (to be ready … just in case). A Third Term for FDR u The threat of war persuaded FDR to run for an unprecedented 3 rd term as President. –Broke the 2-term precedent set by Washington. –He received a lot of criticism from both parties. u FDR wins his third election in 1940 by defeating Republican Wendell Willkie. –Both candidates supported sending aid to Britain without getting in the war directly.

U. S. Neutrality Acts:

Lend-Lease u The Lend-Lease Act allowed for sales or loans of war goods to “any country whose defense is vital to the defense of the U.S.” –Basically, Britain does the fighting, we provide the weapons & supplies. –After Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in 6/41, the Lend-Lease Act was extended to also include them. War Goals u The Atlantic Charter was a document created by Roosevelt & Churchill that set goals for the world after the war was over. –Pledged to support self- determination (right of all people to choose their form of government). –Called for a “permanent system of general security” like the L o N (later called the United Nations).

Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of

The Atlantic Charter  Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August  Solidifies alliance.  Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points.  Calls for League of Nations type organization.

E. War Comes to the United States u Japan joined the Axis powers in 9/40. An Embargo u The US stopped selling oil & scrap metal to Japan (badly needed) unless they withdrew their armies from China & other parts of Asia. –As negotiations between them stalled, Japan secretly planned an attack on the US. The Tripartite Pact Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis *The U.S. oil embargo worried Japan. Without imported oil, Japan’s industrial and military infrastructure would collapse. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor u At 7:55am on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese planes seriously damaged 19 US ships, 200 planes & killed about 2,400 people in less than 2 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. –“I fear all we have done is awaken a sleeping giant.” u FDR: “A date which will live in infamy.” –“No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people, in their righteous might, will win through to absolute victory.” u The US declares war on Japan the next day; Germany and Italy then declare war on the US u Pearl Harbor united the nation to war.

Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor A date which will live in infamy!

President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War "A date which will live in infamy."

Pearl Harbor Memorial