Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Occupational accidents – a holistic approach Daryl Attwood, PhD * Based on research conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Safety notes No alarm tests are expected, so any heard are real Evacuation routes Muster location

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Lloyd’s Register Celebrated 250 th anniversary in Lloyd’s coffee house – London – not the insurance company Primary objective – safety of people in the industries we serve. Began with ships – now in many industries, including a significant oil and gas presence.

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Major accidents…. Explosions - Piper Alpha Helicopter crashes

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Fatality causes Accidents usually defined as “Major Accidents” (air transport, explosion, burn): 24%. Other accidents: 76%

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Occupational accidents – trips, falls, etc.….

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Direct causes? Quality of safety equipment? Weather conditions? Safety behaviour? Occupational accident root causes……… Something even broader? Cultural / Regional differences? Global Fatal Accident Rate (FAR) = 3.1 Middle East = 2.4, Africa, 4.4, South America 5.2 Financial pressure on corporations? Organisational issues? Training? Procedures? Corporate safety culture? Lost time incident frequency (LTIF) ranged from 0.00 to 3.96 FAR = Fatal accidents per 100 million hours worked LTIF = Fatalities + lost workday cases per one million hours worked

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Corporate differences

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Regional differences

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Regional differences Africa, FSU greater than 5 Europe, Middle East, North and South America between 2.9 and 4. Asia, Australia less than 1.5

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Safety experts polled as part of research to gather opinion with respect to the relative importance of many factors……some selected results….

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Tosca receives a major injury Falls down the stairs Not looking where she was going Not reported Lack of attention Not aware of danger No permssion Substance on the floor During break Interview Running No employees to use contractors eqpt Using contractors machine Review procedures for cleaning Not trained. No information No supervision Refresher on safety standards/ procedures Not told not to run Lack of supervision Review timings supervision increased Review break timings supervision increased Taken at wrong time Review system for visitors Takes place in stores No procedures Review procedure for spillage Review induction awareness training Review induction cse and refresher training Substandard induction. No refresher No procedure Using mirror Not cleaned up Unaware of danger The existing approach to occupational accident analysis – Tosca’s fall fault tree Direct CausesCorporate Issues But were there any broader causes? Financial pressures? Others?

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD A holistic approach to occupational accident analysis External influence Corporate influence Direct factors

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Model Structure Capability MentalPhysical Behaviour Attitude Motivation Coordination Fitness Lack of fatigue Knowledge Intelligence WeatherSafety designPPE Value of lifePrice of oilShareholder pressureRoyalty regime on corporate elementsInfluence of external elements Corporate safety culture Corporate training programme Safety procedures Influence of corporate elements on direct factors

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Model running mechanism 1.Calibration against an existing, known result. 2.Compare performance of case under consideration with base case for each element. 3.Re-run model using adjusted component reliabilities – this generates actual prediction for the case under consideration.

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Safety situation – installation FactorExpert ScoreFactorExpert Score Direct factors External factorsAttitude 7 Value placed on life9Motivation6 Price of oil10Lack of fatigue8 Shareholder pressure3Coordination5 Royalty regime4Fitness6 Knowledge7 Corporate factors Intelligence5 Safety culture7Safety design7 Safety training7Weather3 Safety procedures8Personal protective equipment 8 Factors judged more conducive to good safety than industry average Factors judged less conducive to good safety than industry average

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Model prediction versus actual results, 200 POB platform

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Model prediction versus actual results, drilling sector

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Model Uses Predict accident numbers or frequencies on new installations Study the effect of changes in individual safety program elements on safety results Establish key performance indicator targets for staff and contractor organisations.

OIL AND GAS LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Model use in predicting probability of number of accidents

Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood PhD Occupational accidents – a holistic approach Daryl Attwood, Ph D * Based on research conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada