The Suburban Era, 1945-1963 Chapter 28.

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Presentation transcript:

The Suburban Era, 1945-1963 Chapter 28

Main Points and Issues Rise of the Suburbs The Culture of Suburbia The Politics of Calm Cracks in the Consensus Nationalism in an Age of Superpowers The Cold War on a New Frontier Kennedy’s Cold War

Contending Themes in the US Atomic Anxiety Affluence & Convenience Atomic attacks Atomic science Fear and insecurity Cold War competition Conformity Suspicion Post-War economic growth Consumerism Suburbia Convenience Education, prosperity, liberty

Economic Growth The Baby Boom WW II-1960, highest birth rates in US Greater consumption, post-War generation without Great Depression and War Impacted housing, education Suburbs “White Flight”

Suburbia in a Nutshell Baby-boom and wealth increases G.I. Bill & FHA Suburbanization Highways and transportation Single-track homes Property tax bases Strip malls

Suburbia, continued Suburban Sprawl Vehicle pollution Social, racial, and ethnic balkanization Decline of public Housing Covenants Gendered divisions Consumerism

Consumerism and Gender >Advertisements targeting women as home-makers >Made domestic work “easier” >Corporate brand loyalty >Easier to serve the husband

Where is Rosie the Riveter?

Popular Culture: Television American Consensus “End of ideology” Pax Americana Happy Days and the Age of Prosperity Calm fears Divert attention

An American Obsession Leave it to Beaver Mickey Mouse Club

Nostalgia: The Frontier and Western Bonanza Gunsmoke

Movies

The Great Escape: Disneyland California, 1955 Make believe, constructed fantasy De-politicized Escapism and consumerism Disneyland Studios, TV, Hollywood White America, middle class tourism

Frontier, Magic, Future, Cartoons

Cold War Movies I Married a Communist Manchurian Candidate The Day the Earth Stood Still ’51 North By Northwest James Bond Atomic animals

Cold War Culture

“Juvenile Delinquency” Teen age delinquency Adolescence Mental Hygiene Sexual identity Mobility & Freedom Rock n Roll The Beat Generation

Nationalism and the Cold War Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1952-1960 WWII General Pres. of Columbia University Highly respected by both parties Failures in CRM Economic Growth Expanded New Deal Programs

Eisenhower and the Cold War Sputnik, 1957 Arms Race NASA National Defense Education Act 1958 “New Look” Technology Air power Nuclear weapons

Eisenhower Interstate Highway and Defense Act 1956: $27 billion initially Connect East and West Easy evacuation in case of nuclear attack Transport of military people and goods Possible landing for planes

U.S. & U.S.S.R. Kruschev, 1954 Peace Summits 1960: U.S. spy plane crashed Struggle over “Third World” Countries

Interventions and “anti-communism” Distrust of neutral countries Overthrow governments that did not align with U.S. Liberal & progressive regimes CIA helped overthrow elected Iranian government Inserted pro-West dictatorial Shah of Iran

Cold War, Part II Containment Domino Theory Massive Retaliation Communism as disease: contain and circle it Domino Theory Massive Retaliation Mutual Assured Destruction Brinksmanship Open-ended eternal war against an enemy that will never rest, hates our freedoms, is godless, evil, and may be among us (sound familiar?)

Guatemala, 1954 CIA and United Fruit Company Overthrew Jacobo Arbenz, elected Pres. Installed pro-U.S. dictator

Cuban Revolution, 1959 Popular revolution Overthrew Batista Fidel Castro Approached U.S. Rebutted him Nationalized Industries 12 assassination attempts on Castro

A New Era? John F. Kennedy Wealthy family Catholic WWII veteran Young, energetic Lyndon Johnson, V.P. Robert Kennedy, Attorney General Conservative

Kennedy’s Cold War Increased military spending Expanded Cold War Bay of Pigs, April 1961 Alliance for Progress Peace Corps

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Soviet Missiles in Cuba Invade, bomb, naval blockade, negotiate? U.S. Missiles in Turkey Pulled out all missiles

Conclusions Post-War demilitarization & return to “normalcy” Rise of “Consumer Nation” and equating consumption with democracy and freedom Suburbanization and mass culture: restaurants, cars, radio, TV Atomic Anxieties & Cold War Contradictions

Continued Open-ended war and endless vigilance Domesticating atomic technology, or “How I learned to stop worrying and love the bomb” (Dr. Strangelove) Rhetoric of Communist infiltration Free speech & dissent called subversion and unpatriotic