Effects of experience and processing demands on visual information acquisition in drivers Professor: Liu Student: Ruby.

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Presentation transcript:

Effects of experience and processing demands on visual information acquisition in drivers Professor: Liu Student: Ruby

Objective This study investigated the novices and experienced drivers in their distribution of visual attention.

References Novice drivers tended to search a smaller area of the visual scene, which area was closer to the car. Novice drivers made fewer fixations on their mirrors. The fixations that they did make tended to be longer than those of the experienced drivers. The novices fixated lane control markers more often than the experienced drivers. Mourant and Rockwell (1970, 1972)

References The experienced drivers extracted optimal information about road layout from two main sources: –A far location nearly 16 m ahead (48 below the horizon) The far location provided information on the curve road which had a smooth drive –A near location approximately 9 m ahead (78 below the horizon). The near point provided information on the driver’ s position relative to immediate lane markers which had lane maintenance. Land and Horwood (1995)

References The subjects have a decreased response rate to peripheral items if the complexity of the fovea items increased. Chan and Courtney (1993) The perceptual narrowing was occurring in the novice drivers. Land and Horwood (1995)

Methods Participants: –16 experienced drivers. (mean experience 9.0 years) –16 novices drivers. (mean experience 0.2 years) Equipments: –NAC EyeMark VII head-mounted eye tracker. –NTSC video recorder. –AC Data Processing Unit.

Methods Materials –The first road contained a rural, single-lane carriageway. –The second road consisted of a suburban road. (a small village which contained some shops, parked cars and zebra crossings.) –The third was a dual carriageway with two lanes of forward-moving traffic and more traffic merging from the left.

Results Mean fixation durations –A main effect of type of roadway was found for mean fixation durations, F(2,60) = 7. 96, p< –A significant interaction was discovered between the driver experience and road type, F(2,60) = 3.14, p< 0.05.

Results

Number of fixations –A main effect of roadway was found, F(2,60) = 9.73, p< The suburban road produced significantly more fixations than the other two roadways (p< 0× 01).

Results Spread of search along the horizontal meridian –The fixation locations along the horizontal produced a main effect of type of roadway, F(2,60) = 7.76, p< –A significant interaction between level of experience and road type, F(2,60) = 6.61, p< 0.01.

Results The only significant difference in roadway was that the experienced drivers had a large increase in variance of fixation locations on the dual carriageway compared with the other two roads (p< 0.001). The only significant difference was between experienced drivers and novices on the dual carriageway (p< 0.05).

Results Spread of search along the vertical meridian –The fixation locations belong the vertical meridian produced a main effect of roadway, F(2,60) = 4.02, p< –The dual carriageway is significantly different to the suburban road (p< 0.05) and to the rural road (p< 0.05). –A significant horizontal dominance was discovered (F(1,17) = 42× 90, p< 0× 001).

Discussion On the dual carriageway the novice’s behaviors reflects that increased fixations are interpreted extra processing time because a complex fovea stimulus. The suburban route produced the most fixations.

Discussion Decreasing eye fixation durations when driving through increasing demanding roadways. The experienced drivers also increased their visual search in both the horizontal and vertical on the dual carriageway. The novices were horizontal spread of search.

Discussion The novices were lack of sensitization to the horizontal axis which is the major source of information. Under certain circumstances experienced drivers may increase their vertical search to a level comparable with that of novices.

Discussion The decreased fixation durations of experienced drivers on the suburban road and dual carriageway may be due to a need for situational awareness. But at the moment it is impossible to separate the effect from the long fixation durations of the novice drivers on the dual carriageway.