Terrence D. Walton Louisiana Association of Drug Court Professionals 8 th Annual Louisiana Drug Court Conference New Orleans Marriott New Orleans, Louisiana February 23, 2006

Terrence D. Walton Juvenile Substance Use: Going, going, gone Terrence D Walton, MSW, ICADC

Terrence D. Walton Substance Use Continuum 1. Abstinence 2. Use: Minimal or experimental use with minimal consequences 3. Abuse: Regular use with several and more severe consequences 4. Abuse/Dependence: Regular use over an extended period with continued severe consequences 5. Recovery 6. Secondary Abstinence

Terrence D. Walton Diagnosing Abuse - A maladaptive pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. Dependence - A maladaptive pattern of alcohol use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by three or more of the following occurring at any time during the same 12-month period. Tolerance Withdrawal Impaired Control Neglect of Activities Time Spent Using Using Despite Problems Compulsive Use

Terrence D. Walton How Adolescent Use Differs from Adult Use 1. Less likely to be physically dependent 2. Use more likely to be based on accessibility and acceptability 3. Use likely to be more sporadic 4. Hiding use may not be as clinical significant 5. Use more likely to be peer associated 6. Progression to addiction and impairment may be swifter and steeper

Terrence D. Walton Adolescent Considerations 1. Developmentally from adults and from other adolescents 2. Some delay in cognitive and social- emotional development 3. Family involvement critical 4. Adult programs ill-advised 5. Nearly always coerced

Terrence D. Walton What’s happening in your neck of the woods?

Terrence D. Walton What’s Your Guess? What percentage of 10 th graders—urban & suburban: Smoke cigarettes regularly? Has drunk alcohol more than 2 or 3 times? Has tried an illegal drug? Has sold marijuana or some other drug? Has had sexual intercourse? Has carried a weapon to school?

Terrence D. Walton Source Center for Civic Innovation Sex, Drugs, and Delinquency in Urban and Suburban Public Schools Education Working Paper No. 4 January 2004

Terrence D. Walton The Results 1.Smoke cigarettes regularly ? Urban: Suburban: 2.Has drunk alcohol more than 2 or 3 times? Urban: Suburban: 3.Has tried an illegal drug? Urban: Suburban:

Terrence D. Walton The Results 4.Has sold marijuana or some other drug? Urban: Suburban: 5.Has had sexual intercourse? Urban: Suburban: 6.Has carried a weapon to school? Urban: Suburban:

Terrence D. Walton Drugs that Appeal to the Young Accessible Socially Acceptable Socially Enhancing Facilitate Fun, Stimulation, or Escape Relatively Harmless

Terrence D. Walton Drugs That Turn Youth Off Powder cocaine Crack Heroin (injectable) Needles

Terrence D. Walton Drugs That Turn Youth On Marijuana

Terrence D. Walton Drugs That Turn Youth On PCP Phencyclidine

Terrence D. Walton Drugs That Turn Youth On Methamphetamines

Terrence D. Walton Ecstasy

Sippin’ Syrup and DJ Screw Houston-based DJ Screw (AKA Robert Earl Davis) Started an 80s underground version of rap—known as “Screw, Screwed, Screwed up, or Chopped and Screwed”; now being spread across the country by mainstream media Created to accompany the illicit use of codeine-based cough syrup—which creates a hallucinogenic state where everything slows down and the senses swirl DJ Screw died at age 30 of cardiac arrest caused by a syrup overdose University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston Study found 25% of at risk Houston youth had used syrup

Terrence D. Walton Peters and his research team explored the social norms and beliefs about the onset patterns of this drug trend problem. The researchers did one-on-one interviews with 56 middle and high school students. Forty eight of them (39 males and 9 females) were syrup users. The study showed both male and female students named “media modeling” as the foremost reason for the popularity of syrup usage, but males also acknowledged “euphoric effects,” “peer pressure” and “accessibility” as additional reasons for the popularity of the drug. Researchers also examined the perceived addiction rate of syrup and found that most kids believed they were addicted to it the first time they used the trendy drug. Other study participants perceived the peer pressure to use it so strongly that they felt they could not stop. “It’s considered on the streets to be ‘player potion,’” Peters said. “If you’re not drinking syrup, then you’re not a ‘player.’ ”

Terrence D. Walton What We Know About: Why Some Youth Use 1. A 2. T 3. R 4. E 5. E

Terrence D. Walton Factors Affecting Continued Use A. Historical Pattern of Use B. Pharmacologic Responsivity C. External Stimuli Responsivity D. Cognitive and Behavioral Measures of Strengths and Weaknesses

Terrence D. Walton Assessing Juvenile Substance Use  CSAT Tip #3 Screening & Assessment of Alcohol and other Drug Abusing Adolescents 1. Teen Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI) 2. Comprehensive Addiction Severity Index for Adolescents (CASI-A) 3. Youth Self Report for Ages 11 to Child Behavior Check List for Ages 11 to 18

Terrence D. Walton What We Know About: RiskResilience 1. Less parental disapproval of use 2. Peer group that uses 3. Lows level of family support & connection 4. Low or negative future aspirations 5. High levels of stress 6. Values independence over achievement 1. Good school performance 2. Frequent religious service attendance 3. Acceptance of socially – approved values 4. Pro-social community involvement 5. Access to adequate social services and resources 6. Self efficacy

Terrence D. Walton Louisiana Association of Drug Court Professionals 8 th Annual Louisiana Drug Court Conference February 23, 2006