Animals A group to group, system to system comparison.

Insects Grasshopper- fits into classification arthropod -exothermic -vegetarian diet

Annelids Earth Worm From Latin Annellus- “little ring” Segmented worms Eat particulate organic matter

Amphibians Frog exothermic Primarily vegetarian first stage Primarily carnivorous second stage

Mammals Endothermic Hair Milk

Transport How does this group of organisms approach circulation? Open circulatory systems- vessels dump into open cavity and pressure pushes random liquid back to the heart Closed circulatory systems- vessels carry medium throughout the body and back to heart

Insect Transport Open circulatory system Single contracting section of vessels serves as “heart” Pumps hemolymph (like insect blood) into open cavity Blood returns to vessels via cavity pressure

Annelid Transport Closed Circulatory System Blood carries gasses throughout the body. Several single chamber, contractile swellings in the vessels serve as “heart.”

Amphibian Transport 3- chambered heart Mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated (oxygen rich and oxygen poor) blood is pumped back out to the body. L. Aorta Ventricle R. Aorta

Mammalian Transport 4- chambered heart Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate Pumps only oxygenated to body Pumps only deoxygenated to lungs Lungs

Excretion Digestion of proteins (amino acids, NH 2 ) yields excess Nitrogen. All organisms must find a way to get rid of excess Nitrogen. Nitrogen is excreted as urea, uric acid, and/ or urine by different organisms all trying to get rid of nitrogen and conserve water.

Insect Excretion Malpighian tubules -gather water, potassium ions, and dilute urine components Drains pre- urine into intestines

Insect Excretion

Malpighian Tubules Intestine

Annelid Excretion Use nephridia to concentrate urine and conserve water 2 nephridia on nearly every body segment A nephridium (singular) has its own bladder and exits directly through the skin.

Annelid Excretion Nephridium

Annelid Excretion

Amphibious Excretion Primitive kidney functions in excreting excess water taken in through the skin and excess N Cloaca- single posterior opening that serves as the only opening for intestinal and urinary tracts Kidney adjusts urine concentration depending on amount of internal water. Nephrons in kidney filter water and waste from blood Urine passes from kidney to bladder to cloaca

Amphibious Excretion To cloaca Nephron

Amphibious Excretion Cloaca

Mammalian Excretion Modern kidney can conserve water or excrete excess Excretes salts, ions, and nitrogen Urine can be extra concentrated by additional loops in the nephrons Loop of Henle allows for extra water conservation Urine stored in bladder until exit via urethra

Mammalian Excretion

Respiration How does O 2 get in and CO 2 get out? On what part of the body does gas exchange take place? What organs does each group use?

Insect Respiration Tracheal tubes pass through the exoskeleton and carry oxygen throughout the body. Spiracles are the holes through which gasses move. Generally a passive process of air movement. In larger insects, (grasshopper) muscle activity helps pumping and creates air movement.

Insect Respiration

Annelid Respiration Annelids do respiration across the moist membranes of their skin. Their respiration method is called diffusion. Handy, but it has drawbacks Too wet- they drown Too dry- they suffocate

Annelid Respiration

Amphibian Respiration Poor blood/gas transport makes skin gas exchange important. Moist skin exchanges gases all over the body and diffuses into vessels Again, handy, but problematic Amphibians are highly susceptible to water pollution because of their skin diffusion

Amphibian Respiration Polluted water diffusion

Mammal Respiration Diaphragm assists lungs Accessory muscles assist lungs No gas exchange takes place through skin

Mammal Respiration I know, not a mammal.

Digestion Putting food into the body Passing indigestible parts of foods from the body Getting nutrients and water from the food, and keeping them in the body when the indigestibles leave

Insect Digestion Complete system with digestive enzymes Pharynx sucks and swallows Crop holds it for later digestion Gizzard grinds or sort of “chews” food Intestines absorb and pass remaining indigestible parts

Insect Digestion

Annelid Digestion Crop holds for later Gizzard grinds food with hard little indigestible particles to make it smaller They eat soil and digest the organic particles found in it

Annelid Digestion

Amphibian Digestion Digestive tract with gall bladder and liver enzymes Digest much like mammals Exits via the cloaca Cloaca- single posterior opening that serves as the only opening for intestinal and urinary tracts

Amphibian Digestion

Mammalian Digestion Complete digestive tract exits via anus

Reproduction Strategies for making babies… Internal fertilization- egg is inside the body and sperm enters to join External fertilization- egg is released from the body to meet sperm in outside world Parthenogenesis- ability to asexually produce offspring from unfertilized egg

Insect Reproduction VERY DIVERSE! Usually sexual with internal fertilization Eggs are laid once fertilized May undergo parthenogenesis if no mate is available to fertilize the egg

Insect Reproduction Laying eggs Internal fertilization

Annelid Reproduction Hermaphrodites- each one produces both eggs and sperm, but does not self-fertilize In mating, each worm donates sperm to the other Both worms can then become pregnant Once fertilized, they lay eggs

Annelid Reproduction

Amphibian Reproduction External Fertilization in water as a transport medium for sperm Animals mount, and both release into the water Eggs lack protective coats Some parthenogenesis can take place when mates are scarce.

Amphibian Reproduction

Mammal Reproduction Internal fertilization Attachment of fertilized egg to placenta Live birth Milk-nursing

Mammalian Reproduction Fertilized egg dividing by mitosis, attached to uterine wall Ectopic pregnancy, egg attached to place besides uterus.

Insect Development Hatched from eggs Often have a larval stage May cocoon or not Alfalfa weevil Larva Mosquito Larva Mosquito “egg raft”

Insect Development Eacles imperialis Adult moth is over 6 in wide

Annelid Development Fertilized egg capsules deposited in soil In 2-3 weeks, young worms emerge

Amphibian Development Metamorphosis- life has two completely different stages Young are herbivorous and aquatic Adults are carnivorous and can migrate onto land

Amphibian Development

Mammal Development Young born live and nursing for nutrition Spend at least some time with parents learning behaviors and receiving nutrition and protection from mothers

Mammal Development Elephant Seal Mule Deer Mouse Humpbacked Whale