History of Oceanography

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Presentation transcript:

History of Oceanography

Micronesian - Polynesian colonization of Pacific Ocean Islands 5000 – 1000 BP Micronesian & Polynesian colonized Pacific Islands Advanced Open Ocean Navigation Double Hull Canoes

Hurles et al 2003

Polynesian Colonization

Polynesian Sidereal Compass

Polynesian Sidereal Compass

Example Navigation Leg

Early Ocean Mapping Polynesians

Mediterranean Cultures 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England –Mediterranean wide maritime trade –Coastal settlements –Coastal navigation

Phoenician Ships

Mediterranean Cultures 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England –Mediterranean wide maritime trade –Coastal settlements –Coastal navigation Greek and Roman Civilizations

Middle Ages Chinese Invent Magnetic Compass Vikings and Basque Travel to N. America Arabs cross navigate Indian Ocean Christopher Columbus “Discovers” America Juan Sebastian Elcano – First Round the World voyage (24 of 260 sailors) James Cook’s Voyages (chronometer)

Chronometer for Longitude

Lemons for Scurvey

Benjamin Franklin & Timothy Folger (1769)

Voyage of the HMS Beagle

Evolution of Coral Reefs Fringe reefs Barrier reefs Atolls

Edward Forbes (1840’s) Bottom Dredging in E. Mediterranean 8 Depth zones, based on different organisms AZOIC Zone below 600m –Azoic Theory –Too cold, too dark, no oxygen –No Life

Challenger Expedition (1872 – 1876) HMS Challenger 226’ fixed rig Corvette 230 crewmembers; 7 Scientists km Objectives –Map Ocean’s bottom –Investigate the Azoic Zone –Search for ‘Primitive Organisms’ (stable environment) –Study Bathybeus haecklii (Huxley); “primordial slime”

HMS Challenger

HMS CHALLENGER 1872 – 1876

Challenger Expedition (1872 – 1876) Scientific Results - 50 Volumes (23 Years) –Extensive Bathymetric Maps –No Azoic zone –Found temperature variability in deep waters (not all 4 o C) –No Evidence of “primitive fauna” –Description of 4717 new species –Bathybeus haecklii = Alcohol precipitate of carbon sulphate –Discovery Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench

SIO

WHOI

Ocean Resources

Ocean Resources Fisheries Transportation & Trade Military Use Offshore Oil, Gas & Minerals Recreation & Aesthetics

Law of the Sea Treaty Territorial Seas - 12 nm Procedures for Ocean boundaries Right of Free Passage through Straits Exclusive Economic Zones –200 nm –Can extend out to 350nm –Jurisdiction over: Fisheries Pollution Scientific Research Mineral Resources

South China Territorial Claims

Production ( million tonnes) Year EEZs Claims Global Trend in Fishery Landings

Fishery induced changes in world fish composition

Greenhouse Effect