Chapter 3 Forces & Newton’s Laws What causes things to move the way they do?

Forces Force—a push or pull that one body exerts on another Forces can be shown as vectors Vector –an arrow showing the direction and amount of force. The longer the arrow, the larger the force.

Forces cont’d Net Force—when 2 or more forces act on an object at the same time Balanced Forces—multiple forces that are equal in size and opposite in direction. An object will remain still

Forces cont’d Unbalanced Forces—when the size and direction of multiple forces acting on an object are unequal. cause objects to move.

Balanced & Unbalanced Forces

Inertia Inertia—the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion The velocity of an object only changes if a force acts on it. The inertia of an object is related to mass The greater the mass, the greater its inertia. The velocity of an object only changes if a force changes it.

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion Newton’s 1st Law: The Law of Inertia An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted on by an unbalanced net fo rce.

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

Shooting Objects at Rest The object’s inertia causes it to remain still even when a bullet passes through it.

Punkin Chunkin: Inertia II Punkin Chunkin: Inertia 1 minute https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8b-Mogqy1h4 What happens in a crash? 1st law 4 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFFgWl6t-6c&list=PLndKlRyi2R6q3Zio0z-ojD260mgjnOZpt&index=5 1 min crash

Summary: Forces Use it to answer the following: (copy in your notes) This 9 minute clip was made by a student. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_qs_Z89pKo Use it to answer the following: (copy in your notes) 1a. What is a force? b. express force in what unit?__________ 2. Net force: 3. Unbalanced force: If forces are unbalanced, the object is ________________. 4. Balanced force: If forces are balancd, there is no ___________.

Friction Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching each other The amount of friction is dependent upon 1. Type of Surfaces 2. Amount of force pressing the surfaces together

Types of Friction Static Friction Sliding Friction Rolling Friction Friction between two objects that are NOT moving. Sliding Friction Friction between two surfaces moving past each other. Rolling Friction Friction between a rolling object & the surface it is rolling on. Fluid Friction Friction between an object and a gas (like air) or liquid (like water) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcSSBVi-ikM Friction 22 minutes classify NYE

Air Resistance Air Resistance: Collisions of an object's leading surface with air molecules. P. 73 Dependent upon a variety of factors, most importantly 1. the speed of the object Increased speeds = increased air resistance. 2. the shape and size of the object The more spread out, the more air resistance Shape and size of the object may be shown on student sheet as cross sectional area.

Newton’s Second Law Newton’s Second Law as an equation: Newton’s 2nd Law: The acceleration of an object is dependent upon the force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. Newton’s Second Law as an equation: F = m × a    F = force (N)  m = mass (kg)    a = acceleration (m/s/s or m/s2)

Force Unit The SI unit for force is the Newton (N) The Newton is a combined unit Since F=ma, the unit for force combines the mass unit (kg) with the acceleration unit (m/s2) N = kg•m/s2

Gravity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_o4aY7xkXg Universal law of Gravity: Any 2 objects will exert an attractive force on each other The size of the force is dependant on 2 things 1. Mass of both objects 2. Distance between the objects The range of gravity never disappears Therefore it is not possible for an object with mass to be weightless. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_o4aY7xkXg

Weight vs. Mass Weight: Force of gravity pulling you toward the earth (or moon or other object) F = ma becomes W = mg Weight = mass × gravitational acceleration g on Earth is 9.8m/s2 SI Unit for Weight = Newton (N) Weight can change with a change in location.

Mass: A measure of how much matter an object has. All objects have mass because they have inertia SI Unit for Mass = Kilograms (kg) Pounds is a unit of mass NOT weight.

Centripetal Force Centripetal Force: The force exerted toward the center of a curved path. The smaller the radius, the larger the centripetal force The radius could be the length of rope or distance between 2 objects A tighter turn has more force Video: Roller coaster Loops

Gravity & Centripetal Force Earth’s gravity exerts a centripetal force on the Moon that keeps it in a nearly circular orbit. Real World/space station & centripetal force

Falling Objects on Earth Near Earth’s surface acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2 Video: If 2 objects with different masses are dropped from the same height, which would hit the ground first? Without air resistance, all objects hit the ground at the same time, mass has no effect. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRhkQTQxm4w&feature=plcp dropping objects on the moon

Projectile Motion Projectile—Anything dropped, thrown, or shot through the air Because of gravity and inertia, projectiles moving horizontally have a curved path. An object shot horizontally & one dropped from the same height at the same time, will hit the ground at the same time. Juggling & Projectile Motion Mythbusters Bullet Fired and Dropped

Monkey and the Zookeeper The zookeeper must shoot the banana from the banana cannon to the monkey who hangs from the limb of a tree. This particular monkey has a habit of dropping from the tree the moment that the banana leaves the muzzle of the cannon. The zookeeper is faced with the dilemma of where to aim the banana cannon in order to hit the monkey. If the monkey lets go of the tree the moment that the banana is fired, then where should she aim the banana cannon?

Monkey and the Zookeeper Where should the zookeeper aim? Taking Gravity into effect The zookeeper aims above the monkey Does the speed of the banana change the effect? The zookeeper aims at the monkey and shoots the banana very fast The zookeeper aims at the monkey, yet shoots the banana very slow. ZOO in SPACE In a low gravity environment, where should the zookeeper shoot the banana?

NEWTON’S 3rd LAW: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction “Action” and “Reaction” are names of forces Forces ALWAYS occur in pairs Single forces NEVER happen

“Equal & Opposite” In Newton’s 3rd Law, “equal” means: Equal in size Equal in time. occur at EXACTLY the same time. In Newton’s 3rd Law, “opposite” means: Opposite in direction forces are EXACTLY 180o apart in direction. Only forces that act on the same object can cancel. Newton’s 3rd Law action and reaction forces act on different objects, so they DON’T cancel.

Writing Action Reaction Statements Bowling ball hits the pin to the left. REACTION Pin hits the bowling ball to the right

Momentum: A property of how much force is required to change the object’s motion The object’s mass times its velocity SI UNIT for momentum = Kg m/s p = m×v p = momentum (kg m/s) m = mass (kg) v = velocity (m/s) If an object has no velocity, it has no momentum.

Law of Conservation of Momentum Momentum may be transferred to another object The total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision m1v1 = m2v2

Types of Collisions Elastic collisions the total kinetic energy (motion) before the collision is equal to the total kinetic energy (motion) after the collision. Usually the objects bounce off of each other.

Inelastic collisions the total kinetic energy before the collision is NOT equal to the total kinetic energy after the collision. Usually the objects stick together

The Truck and The Ball A pickup truck is moving with a constant speed. In the course of its motion, a ball is projected straight upwards by a launcher located in the bed of the truck. Assume the ball does not encounter a significant amount of air resistance. What will be the path of the ball and where will it be located with respect to the pickup truck?

Many would insist that there is a horizontal force acting upon the ball since it has a horizontal motion. Yet this is simply not the case. The horizontal motion of the ball is the result of its own inertia. When projected from the truck, the ball already possessed a horizontal motion, and thus will maintain this state of horizontal motion unless acted upon by a horizontal force. An object in motion will continue in motion with the same speed and in the same direction ... (Newton's first law).

Newton's Law Review physclips newton's laws http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/