PROTOPLASM Building material Suspension substance that makes up the physical basis of all living things Carries on the process of Metabolism Synthesizes protein Produce energy Reception of food and oxygen Processes food and oxygen Eliminates waste products

MACROMOLECULES/organic compounds Proteins lipids carbohydrates nucleic acids These are organic materials that are life supporting and are in the cells of the human body

PROTEIN 15% building block (amino acids) Order of these blocks determine the function of the protein molecule which in turn gives the cell its characteristic builds new tissue repairs Source of heat and energy makes up antibodies hormones ENZYME CONTROL controls speed of chemical reaction (release energy from fat)

LIPIDS 2% non water soluble stores energy component of cell membrane protects against cold/heat Assists in digestive process component of hormones

CARBS 1% cell energy releases large amounts of energy when bonds are broken thru metabolism Three classifications of carbs monosaccharides-glucose disaccharides- sucrose polysaccharids- starch

NUCLEIC ACIDS 1% of the cell Blueprint DNA-nuclear command/control/reproduction info RNA- in nucleus and cytoplasm messengers or transfer agents

CHROMOSOMES Composed of____________ Humans have a total of _________chromosomes or ________pairs DNA is divided into segments called________ The total amount of genetic material contained in a human chromosome is called the _______ __________ The process of gene identification is called______ A karyotype is a gene map

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

WATER 80% delivers energy to target molecule contributes to radiation effects

Chemical component of cell Protoplasm Organic compound Inorganic compound Suspended in water water is 70-80% of protoplasm Water transports substances temp. buffer

WATER 70%-85% in cell holds and transports temp. buffer most chemical activity occur in water in cell Osmosis osmotic pressure=potassium and sodium and water

H2O and Inorganic compound Osmosis-moving substances(water) inside and outside of cell too little sodium inside or too much potassium outside cell will collapse-hypertonic

H2O and Inorganic compound too much sodium inside or too little potassium outside cell will swell- hypotonic

CELL STRUCTURE Cytoplasm nucleus organelles Both filled with protoplasm

Cell Structures cell membrane Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria skin Synthesize the proteins interconnecting tubules (nucleus and cytoplasm source of energy

CYTOPLASM Golgi apparatus Liposomes Collects molecules produced in one part of cell-modifies and distributes to other parts of cell. Recycles proteins,carbs, lipids from old organelles

NUCLEUS OF CELL Brain nuclear envelope (membrane) chromosomes genes nucleolus Genetic/metabolic info separates from cytoplasm protein and DNA Large amount of RNA held here

Anatomy of a Cell

CELLS SPECIALIZE IN ACTIVITIES

Tissue Organs System Organism Group of cells-same activity group of tissues-specific functions group of organs Human body

CELL PROLIFERATION

Somatic Non-reproductive mitosis interphase period of growth between division G1-where cell grows S phase- DNA replicated;# of chromosomes doubled G2-organelles reproduced;chromatids reproduce

Prophase Metaphase: in terms of radiographic exposure-most sensitive stage. Also where the radiation damage can be assessed Anaphase Telophase

Germ - meiosis Process of reduction meiosis as germ cells begin with 46 chromosomes from the male (sperm) and female (ova) but must be reduced in half Malignant-abnormal division More chromatin (contains genetic material) Increased rate of nuclear material to cytoplasm

GERM CELLS Reproductive meiosis 2 divisions -2 cells with diploid somatic # -divide again with haploid #