Review Turn in any work that you need to (those of you with the Academic Action Plans – you have until next Tues to get those in!) Turn in any work that you need to (those of you with the Academic Action Plans – you have until next Tues to get those in!) Take out your notebook and open to a new page. Take out your notebook and open to a new page. –WITHOUT looking back in your notes – write down the 3 main ideas of the Cell Theory.

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Take out your notebook and open to the prokaryote and eukaryote classification activity. Take out your notebook and open to the prokaryote and eukaryote classification activity. Correct your responses as we discuss – this is all information that you will need to have to prepare for your next quiz! Correct your responses as we discuss – this is all information that you will need to have to prepare for your next quiz!

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells Check your classification! Cells reproduce by binary fission (asexual reproduction where 1 cell divides into 2 identical cells) Cells reproduce by binary fission (asexual reproduction where 1 cell divides into 2 identical cells) Cells size is typically small (0.2 – 2.0 um) Smaller in size (1-10 um) Cells size is typically small (0.2 – 2.0 um) Smaller in size (1-10 um) Contain no membrane-bound organelles Contain no membrane-bound organelles Has cell walls Has cell walls Cells of most unicellular organisms Cells of most unicellular organisms Thought to be the earliest living organisms on Thought to be the earliest living organisms on Bacteria Bacteria Contains DNA Contains DNA

Eukaryotic Cells Plant CellAnimal Cell

Eukaryotic cells Check your classification! Has a true nucleus that has a nuclear membrane and nucleoli Has a true nucleus that has a nuclear membrane and nucleoli Contains membrane-bound organelles Contains membrane-bound organelles Has cell walls (plant cells) Has cell walls (plant cells) Reproduce through sexual reproduction resulting in non-identical daughter cells Reproduce through sexual reproduction resulting in non-identical daughter cells Cell size is typically large (2.0 um – 1.0 mm) Cell size is typically large (2.0 um – 1.0 mm) Cells of most multi-cellular organisms Cells of most multi-cellular organisms Animals and plants Animals and plants Contains DNA Contains DNA

BOTH – Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Additionally, prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (plants) both have cell walls

-Are (typically) membrane-bound structures with particular functions within eukaryotic cells. -Are on the surface of cells as well as inside the cell membrane. Organelles

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane (Animal and Plant) Job: Job: –Boundary between the inside and the outside of a cell –Is selectively permeable: (think Mr. Parker!) Location: Outside of the cell Location: Outside of the cell Composed of: Composed of: –Phospholipid bilayer –Transport proteins The model of the cell membrane is called the Fluid-Mosaic Model. (fluid – phospholipids move w/in the membrane, mosaic – patters created proteins on membrane surface)

 Composition of a phospholipid

Cell Wall (Plant) Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Job: Supports & protects cells, almost acts as a shell Job: Supports & protects cells, almost acts as a shell Location: Exterior of the cell Location: Exterior of the cell Composed of: Cellulose fibrils Composed of: Cellulose fibrils

Cillia and Flagella (Animal and Prokaryotes) Job: Helps cells move and aids in fluid transport Job: Helps cells move and aids in fluid transport –Cilia = many little hairs on the cell body –Flagella = few/one tail(s) Location: On the exterior of the cell – in the cell matrix. Location: On the exterior of the cell – in the cell matrix. Composed of: membrane bound cylinders Composed of: membrane bound cylinders

Inside the Cell

Nucleus (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Directs cell activities, storage of genetic info (the brain of the cell) Location: Location: –Separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane (envelope) Composed of: Composed of: –chromatin (DNA) which is the blueprint for proteins

Cytoplasm (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Suspension of eukaryotic organelles –Site of numerous chemical reactions Location: Location: –Inside the cell membrane, inside individual organelles Composed of: Cytosol Composed of: Cytosol –Water, salts, protein filaments, and organic compounds –~ 70% of a cell’s volume

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Animal and Plant) Job: site of cellular chemical reactions, assembly of proteins Job: site of cellular chemical reactions, assembly of proteins –Rough: protein synthesis –Smooth: numerous biochemical activities, production and storage of lipids Location: in the cytoplasm Location: in the cytoplasm Composed of: A highly folded membrane, Rough ER has ribosomes imbedded in it for protein synthesis Composed of: A highly folded membrane, Rough ER has ribosomes imbedded in it for protein synthesis

Ribosomes (Plant and Animal) Each cell contains thousands Each cell contains thousands Job: Make proteins Job: Make proteins Location: Found on the ER, on the nuclear envelope & floating throughout the cell Location: Found on the ER, on the nuclear envelope & floating throughout the cell Composed of: simple structure of 2 subunits: Composed of: simple structure of 2 subunits: –RNA –protein

Mitochondria (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Produces energy (ATP) through chemical reactions known as cellular respiration –Breaks down sugar molecules Location: Location: –in the cytoplasm Composed of: Composed of: –membranes (outer, and a highly- folded inner membrane) and specific enzymes Facts: Facts: –Occur in various #s depending on cell function –Has its own DNA

Golgi Apparatus (Plant and Animal) Job: Packaging plant Job: Packaging plant –Sorts proteins into packages and packs them into vesicles to be sent where they are needed Location: In the cytoplasm Location: In the cytoplasm Composed of: System like a flat stack of tubes Composed of: System like a flat stack of tubes

Lysosomes (Animal) Job: Job: –Digestive factory and breaks down waste (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) with enzymes –Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Location: In the cytoplasm Location: In the cytoplasm Composed of: Digestive enzymes enclosed in a protective membrane and a lipid bilayer Composed of: Digestive enzymes enclosed in a protective membrane and a lipid bilayer Cell breaks down if lysosomes explode - this is how a tadpole looses its tail when it turns into a frog! Cell breaks down if lysosomes explode - this is how a tadpole looses its tail when it turns into a frog!

Vacuoles (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Storage, digestion, and waste removal –Helps plants maintain their shape Location: Location: –In the cytoplasm Composed of: Composed of: –Water & a thin membrane

Chloroplast (Plant) Job: Job: –Capture light energy (in thylakoid membranes) and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Location: Location: –In the cytoplasm Composed of: Composed of: –A double membrane –Grana – stacks of membranous sacs

Cytoskeleton (Plant and Animal) Job: Job: –Support and structure (think tent poles!) –Cell division and transport –Anchors organelles Location: Location: –In the cytoplasm Composed of: Composed of: –Microtubules: thin hollow cylinders made of protein –Microfilaments: smaller, solid protein fibers

Let’s compare…