DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosome DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosome DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosome DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosome DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosome DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosome DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosome

Peptidoglycan: gives structural strength, as well as counteracts the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm.

Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. Revival of spores millions of years old has been claimed. An endospore is a non-replicating, dormant structure generated by a Gram positive bacteria. Nucleus

A glycocalyx is a network of polysaccharides on the surfaces of bacteria, A distinct, gelatinous glycocalyx is called a capsule, whereas an irregular, diffuse layer is called a slime layer. It serves to protect the bacterium from harmful phagocytes by creating capsules or allowing the bacterium to attach itself to inert surfaces, like teeth or rocks, via biofilms Golgi apparatus Part of the cellular endomembrane system, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination; it is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion Fimbriae (attachment pilus) is an appendage that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects.

plasmids are circular DNA separate from bacterial genomes that carry genes that may benefit survival of the organism (e.g. antibiotic resistance), and can frequently be transmitted from one bacterium to another (even of another species) via horizontal gene transfer. A Flagellum is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body. The primary role of the flagellum is locomotion

Chloroplast: an organelle which conducts photosynthesis which converts the energy from the sun into energy that the cell can use for growth Mitochondria: an organelle which generates energy in the cell. Commonly called the cell’s power plant

Conjugative Pilus: allow the transfer of DNA between bacteria, in the process of bacterial conjugation. Fimbriae (attachment pilus) is an appendage that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects.

Exotoxins can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or may be released during lysis of the cell. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animal