Tissues of the Body

Key Terms Histology: Histology: the study of tissues. the study of tissues. Tissues: Tissues: groups of cells which are similar in structure and which perform common or related functions. groups of cells which are similar in structure and which perform common or related functions.

Four Basic Kinds of Tissues Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Locations: Epithelial Tissue Locations: Covers the body Covers the body Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood vessels inside the body Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood vessels inside the body Covers the organs inside body cavities Covers the organs inside body cavities Epithelial Tissue Functions: Epithelial Tissue Functions: Protection from physical & chemical injury, Protection from physical & chemical injury, Protection against microbial invasion, Protection against microbial invasion, Contains receptors which respond to stimuli, Contains receptors which respond to stimuli, Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials and Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials and Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures. Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures.

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue: Connective Tissue: Most abundant & widely distributed tissue Most abundant & widely distributed tissue Connective Tissue Functions: Connective Tissue Functions: Connects, binds and supports structures, Connects, binds and supports structures, Tendons, ligaments, etc. Tendons, ligaments, etc. Protects & cushions organs and tissues, Protects & cushions organs and tissues, Insulates (fat) and Insulates (fat) and Transports substances (blood). Transports substances (blood).

Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue: Muscle Tissue: Associated with the bones of the skeleton, the heart and in the walls of the hollow organs of the body. Associated with the bones of the skeleton, the heart and in the walls of the hollow organs of the body. Muscle Tissue Functions: Muscle Tissue Functions: Movement Movement Locomotion Locomotion Maintains posture Maintains posture Produces heat Produces heat Facial expressions Facial expressions Pumps blood Pumps blood Peristalsis Peristalsis

Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue: Nervous Tissue: Main component of the nervous system, Main component of the nervous system, ie., brain, spinal cord & nerves. Nervous Tissue Functions: Nervous Tissue Functions: Regulates & controls body functions Regulates & controls body functions Generates & transmits nerve impulses Generates & transmits nerve impulses Supports, insulates and protects impulse generating neurons. Supports, insulates and protects impulse generating neurons.

Identify the following cell organelles Cell Organelles Cell Organelles cell membrane cell membrane cytoplasm cytoplasm nucleus nucleus nuclear membrane nuclear membrane nucleolus nucleolus chromosomes chromosomes chromatin chromatin

Cell Organelles - Onion Cell membrane

Cell Organelles - Onion Cytoplasm

Cell Organelles - Onion Nuclear Membrane

Cell Organelles - Onion Nucleolus

Cell Organelles - Onion Chromatin

Identify the five stages of mitosis Stages of Mitosis, or the Cell Cycle: Stages of Mitosis, or the Cell Cycle: interphase interphase prophase prophase metaphase metaphase anaphase anaphase telophase telophase

Interphase Metabolic phase Cell growth DNA replication Centriole replication Protein Synthesis Visible Nucleus & nuclear membrane Visible nucleoli Chromatin

Prophase Nuclear membrane disappears Nucleoli disappear Chromsomes appear Centrioles move to opposite sides of cell Spindle fibers from centrioles connect with chromosomes

Metaphase Chromosomes line up on equator of the cell

Anaphase Chromatids from each chromosome separate & are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

Telophase Chromatids reach extremes of cell Nuclear membrane reappears around each chromatid cluster Nuclear membrane reappears around each chromatid cluster Nucleoli reappear Nucleoli reappear Cell plate appears between nuclei Cell plate appears between nuclei Cytokinesis occurs Cytokinesis occurs

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Specific tissue types & representative cell types we will review: Specific tissue types & representative cell types we will review: epithelial epithelial Squamous Squamous Cuboidal Cuboidal Columnar Columnar connective connective Adipose Adipose Bone Bone Hyalaine cartilage Hyalaine cartilage muscle muscle nervous nervous

Squamous Epithelium Simple – one cell thick Forms solid layer of cells which line blood vessels, body cavities & cover organs in body cavities Forms solid layer of cells which line blood vessels, body cavities & cover organs in body cavities Stratified – multiple layers Stratified – multiple layers Forms epidermis Forms epidermis

Cuboidal Epithelium Simple – one cell thick Roughly cube shaped Line ducts in kidneys, etc, where reabsorption and secretory activities take place. Line ducts in kidneys, etc, where reabsorption and secretory activities take place. Duct Cuboid Cells Duct Cuboid Cells

Columnar Epithelium Simple – one cell thick Column shaped (long & narrow) Line digestive tract where reabsorption & secretion occurs. Pseudostratified – gives the appearance of more than one layer of columnar epithelial cells Pseudostratified – gives the appearance of more than one layer of columnar epithelial cells

Specific Connective Tissue Types: Specific Connective Tissue Types: Adipose Adipose Bone Bone Hyalaine cartilage Hyalaine cartilage

Connective - Adipose Honeycomb or chickenwire appearance Stores energy (fat) Stores energy (fat) Insulates Insulates Supports & protects organs Supports & protects organs

Connective - Bone Tree ring-like appearance Supports & protects Supports & protects Mineral storage Mineral storage Fat storage Fat storage Blood cell production Blood cell production

Connective – Hyaline Cartilage Supports while providing flexibility Supports while providing flexibility Absorbs compression between bones in joints (articular cartilage) Absorbs compression between bones in joints (articular cartilage) Holds open respiratory passages Holds open respiratory passages Most abundant type of cartilage in body Most abundant type of cartilage in body

Specific Muscle Tissue Types: Specific Muscle Tissue Types: muscle (skeletal) muscle (skeletal)

Muscle - Skeletal Muscle fibers (cells) long, parallel & cylindrical With many nuclei (multinucleate) Striations (cross stripes run perpendicular to the cells Striations (cross stripes run perpendicular to the cells Produce voluntary movement Produce voluntary movement Locomotion Locomotion Heat Heat

Specific Nervous Tissue Types Nervous – Neuron Branching cells with many long processes Branching cells with many long processes Large central nucleus Large central nucleus Transmit impulses from one area of the body to other areas Transmit impulses from one area of the body to other areas Regulate activities through neuron impulses Regulate activities through neuron impulses