3.1 Cell Theory All cells share certain characteristics:

3.1 Cell Theory All cells share certain characteristics: – –Cells tend to be microscopic. Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x)

3.1 Cell Theory All cells share certain characteristics: – –Cells tend to be microscopic. – –All cells are enclosed by a membrane. Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) cell membrane

3.1 Cell Theory All cells share certain characteristics – –Cells tend to be microscopic. – –All cells are enclosed by a membrane. – –All cells are filled with cytoplasm. Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) cell membrane cytoplasm

3.1 Cell Theory Cytoplasm: is a jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks- such as proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x)

3.1 Cell Theory Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. – –The nucleus holds the DNA Have membrane-bound organelles May be multi-cellular or single-celled organisms nucleus cell membrane organelles

3.1 Cell Theory Organelles: structures that are specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell. The nucleus is usually the largest and most visible organelle.

3.1 Cell Theory Things that have Eukaryotic Cells: PLANTS ANIMALS FUNGI

3.1 Cell Theory Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. do not have membrane-bound organelles DNA is in the cytoplasm All are microscopic, single-celled organisms Ex: Bacteria –Salmonella –E. Coli cell membrane cytoplasm

3.1 Cell Theory Viruses Virus- An infective agent that typically consists of a DNA or RNA strand in a protein coat. multiply only within the living cells of a host Antibiotics will not work on them Vaccines prevent them EX: Herpes virus Influenza Chickenpox Ebola virus Protein Coat

3.2 Cell Organelles There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. – –rough endoplasmic reticulum Have bumps called ribosomes which link amino acids together to form proteins

3.2 Cell Organelles – –smooth endoplasmic reticulum Makes lipids and performs specialized functions such as breaking down drugs and alcohol.

3.2 Cell Organelles Golgi apparatus- processes, sorts, and delivers proteins to different parts of the cell Ex: like a post office

3.2 Cell Organelles Mitochondria supply energy to the cell. –Chemical reactions take place that convert the molecules you eat into usable energy

3.2 Cell Organelles Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy. They carry out photosynthesis *Only in plants

3.1 Cell Theory C 6 H 12 O 6 granum (stack of thylakoids) thylakoid sunlight 1 six-carbon sugar 6H 2 O 6CO 2 6O 2 chloroplast energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) Energy from sunlight is absorbed Water molecules broken down Oxygen is released Carbon Dioxide enters Calvin Cycle Builds sugar 1 six-carbon sugar is produced REACTANTS PRODUCTS

3.1 Cell Theory 6H O 2 6CO 2 6O 2 mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis and Three carbon molecules from glycolysis enter mitochondria Krebs Cycle transports electrons to ETC Energy and CO2 released Energy from glycolysis and Krebs enter Stage 2 with Oxygen ATP molecules produced Heat and water are released REACTANTSPRODUCTS

3.3 Cell Membrane The Cell membrane (pg in book) Pg. 59 in INB Please draw a picture bubble map of the cell membrane What are the 2 major functions of the cell membrane? What are the two parts of a phospholipid? Which part of a phospholipid is polar and nonpolar and what does that mean? What does selectively permeable mean? Label: Phospholipids Phospholipid parts Outside and Inside of cell Proteins Protein Channel

6.2 Process of Meiosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Draw and label a detailed flow map of the process of Meiosis Which type of cells undergo meiosis? What are the sex chromosomes? Which sex chromosomes code for a female? Male? What are gametes (sex cells)? Pg in book Pg. 60 in INB

6.3 Mendel and Heredity Please draw a detailed tree map of Mendel’s Two Laws 1.Law of Segregation (Pg ) 2.Law of Independent Assortment ( ) Must have: Definition How Mendel discovered the Law Picture that represents the Law Pg. 61 in INB