Can anyone explain what “life is cellular” means ? 7-1 Life is Cellular

Discovery of the cell Robert Hooke  The study of cells is known as cytology.  Cytology began in 1665, when Robert Hooke, an English scientist, first glimpsed into the microscopic world of cells by examining dead cork cells  All Hooke was able to observe were the thick walls that surrounded each cell.

Theorize how Mr. Hooke came up with the name of “cells”

Discovery of the cell Anton Van Leeuwenhoek  Observed living organisms in pond water

Cell Pioneers – Cell Theory  During the next 170 years, other scientists used microscopes to further advance their knowledge of cells.  Matthias Schleiden  Concluded that all plants are made of cells  Theodore Schwann – 1839  Concluded that all animals are made of cells  Rudolph Virchow  Said that cells come from cells

The Cell Theory  All living things are composed of cells.  Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.  New cells are produced from existing cells.

2 Basic Types of Cells  Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells)  Does have – DNA, cell wall, cytoplasm and ribosomes  DO NOT have - a Nucleus, Membrane bound organelles  Examples: bacteria  Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cells)  Cells that DO have a nucleus and other organelles  Examples: plant cells and animal cells

Prokaryotes: -No nucleus -no membrane bound organelles -bacteria Both: -cell wall -cytoplasm -ribosomes -DNA Eukaryotes: -nucleus -membrane bound organelles -plants/animals/fungi/protists

Identify What kind of cell

Identify What kind of cells

Identify What kind of cell

Chapter 7 Sections 1 & 2

Cell Structures  Specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell are called organelles.  Organelle means “little organ”.

Example how to take notes: 1 – Name: Cell Wall 2 - Picture – this should be an illustration that shows what the structure does; what is the function of the structure? NOT a picture straight from textbook. 3 - Description of the picture that you came up with; Example: Rigid wall that surrounds the cell. 4 – Function - How does your picture connect to the function of the cell part? Example: the cell wall protects and supports the cell. It also helps control what comes in and out 5 - Type - Plant or Animal cell; Prokaryote or Eukaryote; Example: found in all prokaryotes, fungi and, plant cells; NOT found in animal cells!!!

Cell Membrane  Physical Description: thin, flexible barrier around the cell (just inside the cell wall OR the outside border of animal cells)  Function: controls what enters and leaves the cell; selectively permeable; support and protection  Type of Cell: found in all cells  Analogy: it is like the Shipping/receiving department of a factory

Monday 1/30  Explain the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.  Identify the organelle that acts as the “Shipping/receiving department ” of the cell

Prokaryotes: -No nucleus -no membrane bound organelles -bacteria Both: -cell wall -cytoplasm -ribosomes -DNA Eukaryotes: -nucleus -membrane bound organelles -plants/animals/fungi/protists

Monday 1/30  Explain the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.  Identify the organelle that acts as the “Shipping/receiving department ” of the cell Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm  Physical Description: the fluid-like material inside the cell membrane  Function: contains the organelles; “cell jelly”  Site for chemical reactions  Type of Cell: found in all cells  Analogy: it is like the air of a factory

Nucleus  Physical Description: large organelle that is usually near the center; contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA)  Function: Controls the cells activities  Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes  Analogy: it is like the boss of a factory

Nuclear Membrane (aka Nuclear Envelope)  Physical Description: double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus; has pores  Function: Protects the nucleus; pores allow material in and out of the nucleus.  Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes  Analogy: it is like the office of a factory

Nucleolus  Physical Description: small, dense region in the center of the nucleus  Function: produces ribosomes  Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes  Analogy: it is personnel department (the people who hire workers) for a factory

Cytoplasm Identify What organelle is called the “air of the factory.” Site for chemical reactions

Cell wall Identify What organelle protects and supports the cell. Not found in animal cells

Nucleolus Identify What organelle Produces ribosomes; It is sometimes called the “Personnel” department of the cell

Ribosomes  Physical Description: very small, round structures either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free (floating in the cytoplasm)  Function: makes proteins  Type of Cell: found in all CELLS  Analogy: it is like the workers in a factory

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)  Physical Description: internal membrane system  2 Types:  Rough—has ribosomes  Smooth—NO ribosomes  Function:  Rough—modifies proteins  Smooth—assembles components of the cell membrane  Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes  Analogy: it is like the assembly line of a factory

Tuesday 1/31 Get a folder from Mr. Rogers’ Desk Put your name on the front right corner and wait for instruction

Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi Body)  Physical Description: stack of membranes in the cytoplasm  Function: attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins; gives proteins the “address” of their final destination  Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes  Analogy: it is like the mailroom or packaging department of a factory

Lysosome  Physical Description: small, round sacks in the cytoplasm  Function: breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into useable molecules; break down old or damaged organelles  Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes BUT are very rare in plant cells  Analogy: it is like the janitor/maintenance crew of a factory

Vacuole / Vesicle  Physical Description: large, spacious sack in the cytoplasm  Function: stores materials for the cell (water, food, waste, etc…)  Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes (usually one large vacuole in plants and many small vacuoles in animals)  Analogy: it is like the storage closet of a factory

Mitochondria  Physical Description: “bean-shaped” organelle that has a folded inner membrane (called cristae)  Function: use FOOD to make high-ENERGY compounds for use by the cell; SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION  Type of Cell: found in eukaryotes  Analogy: it is like the power plant or coal-burning furnace of a factory

Chloroplast  Physical Description: tubular organelle that contains chlorophyll (a green pigment)  Function: use energy from SUNLIGHT to MAKE FOOD molecules through photosynthesis  Type of Cell: found in plant cells  Analogy: it is like the cafeteria OR solar energy panels of a factory

Centrioles  Physical Description: bundles of microtubules  Function: part of the cytoskeleton that aids in cellular division  Type of Cell: found only in animal cells  Analogy: it is like the cranes used to move things in a factory

Cytoskeleton  Physical Description: a network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm; made of microtubules and microfilaments  Function: helps support the cell and maintain cell’s shape; moves organelles within the cell; aids in cell movement  Type of Cell: found in all cells  Analogy: it is like the support beams and cranes of a factory

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells  Cell Wall  Chloroplasts  No Centrioles  Lysosomes are rare  1 Large Vacuole  No Cell Wall  No Chloroplasts  Centrioles  Lysosomes are common  Several Small Vacuoles Cells Alive Website

Job of Cells  The main job of all cells is to make proteins  Different cells make different types  Protein production:  Ribosome   Endoplasmic Reticulum   Golgi Apparatus   Final Destination of the Protein (may be outside of the cell)

 POPQUIZ

Quick Quiz  1. Organelle that is the internal membrane system. It also has ribosomes and modifies proteins. A. Golgi Apparatus B. Lysosome C. Rough ER D. Smooth ER

Quick Quiz  2. Organelle that attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins; gives proteins the “address” of their final destination. Mail room of cell A. Golgi Apparatus B. Lysosome C. Rough ER D. Smooth ER

Quick Quiz  3. Which one of the following is not a part of the cell theory A. All living things are composed of cells. B. All plant cells have a cell wall C. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things D. New cells are produced from existing cells.

Quick Quiz  4. Organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into useable molecules; break down old or damaged organelles A. Cell membrane B. Lysosome C. Nucleus D. Vacuole

Quick Quiz  5. Organelle that is usually near the center; contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) a boss controls his/her employees A. Cell membrane B. Lysosome C. Nucleus D. Vacuole

Quick Quiz  Answers 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. b 5. C