Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis – In the cytosol Uses 2 ATP’s Makes 4 ATP’s Makes 2 NADH’s Left with 2 pyruvates Start with Glucose

Glycolysis - in the cytosol NOTICE THE SPLITTING HERE! EVERYTHING FOLLOWNG MUST BE MULTIPLIED BY 2!

Pyruvate to the mitochondria

Kreb’s Cycle – in the mitochondrial matrix

Electron Tranport Chain (detailed) ATP synthase in mitochondriaATP synthase in mitochondria – virtual animation Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain – virtual animation

Where do the electrons come from?

ATP synthase allows for chemiosmosis

Reactions in Respiration Inputs Glycolysis (cytoplasm)  Glucose  2ATP  4ADP  2NAD + Krebs Cycle (mitochondria)  Pyruvate  NAD +  CoA  FAD  ADP Outputs Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)  2ADP  4ATP  2NADH  2 pyruvate Krebs Cycle (mitochondria)  NADH  CO 2  FADH 2  ATP

Reactions in Respiration (cont.) Inputs Electron Transport Chain in mitochondria membrane  NADH  FADH 2 O2O2 Outputs Electron Transport Chain in mitochondria membrane – NAD + – FAD – ATP –H2O–H2O

Cellular Respiration Summary 3 Basic Steps: 1)Glycolysis (in the cytoplasm) 2)Kreb’s Cycle (inner mitochondrial space) 3)Electron Transport Chain (mitochondrial membrane) C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP glucose pyruvate + ATP + NADH pyruvate NADH + FADH 2 + ATP + CO 2 NADH + FADH 2 + O 2 ATP + H 2 0

Photosynthesis Light + CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP Inputs Outputs

Reactions in Photosynthesis (Chloroplast) Inputs Light Dependent Reactions in the Thylakoid  Light H2OH2O  NADP+  ADP Calvin Cycle in the Stroma  ATP  CO 2  NADPH Outputs Light Dependent Reactions in the Thylakoid O2O2  NADPH  ATP Calvin Cycle in the Stroma  ADP  NADP+  Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

Light Reaction … light energy shakes chlorophyl … releases electons

In the Thylakoid

In the Stroma The ATP and NADPH was made during the light reactions (thylakoid) CO2 enters the cycle at top Glucose / Organic compounds are the output

Review – Big Picture

Sunlight to ATP Big Picture Review

chloroplast H2OH2O O2O2 NADPH StromaThylakoid CO 2 Glucose Glycolysis (cytoplasm) pyruvate CO 2 NADH mitochondria Kreb’s Cycle NADH FADH 2 Electron Transport ATP H2OH2O

Photosynthesis and Respiration work together! Matter is cycled within these two processes Energy flows through these two processes Sunlight provides the energy that eventually becomes ATP in you

What’s ATP?

What’s ATP used for? ATP is the spending money of the cell It allows for other molecules to be phosphorylated Phosphorylation allows for transport work, mechanical work, and chemical work

Redox Reactions Carbon is oxidized by Oxygen (oxidizing agent) Oxygen is reduced by Carbon (reducing agent)

Why does the food we eat not immediately combust in our bodies? Many, many, many, many steps taken to release the energy! Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle ETC This insures we don’t blow up from our food being oxidized too quickly!

No oxygen = anaerobic pathway Yeast/bacteria – Produce ethanol when deprived of oxygen … still has some energy Humans – Produce lactic acid when deprived of oxygen – Recycled in liver to produce pyruvate

Anaerobic Respiration Without Oxygen – No electron transport chain … less ATP 2 types: 1)Alcoholic fermentation: (bacteria, yeast) Pyruvate + NADH Ethanol + NAD + + CO 2 2)Lactic Acid fermentation: (animals like you) Pyruvate + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD + What’s different about these two equations? How can you set up an experiment to detect the difference?

Catabolic Pathways Note: it’s not just carbohydrates (glucose) that gets converted into ATP What happens to proteins? What happens to fats?

Control of Respiration … feedback systems Lots of AMP (low energy molecule) – Stimulates enzyme to produce ATP Lots of ATP or Citrate – Shuts down enzyme to prevent overproduction