Islam Expands Chapter 10 Section 2

Caliph Umayyads Shi’a Sunni Sufi Abbasids Al-Andulas Fatimid Key Terms

Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Muhammad had not named a successor Abu-Baker loyal friend Caliph- means successor or deputy Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

Right Guided Caliphs Umar, Uthman, and Ali all had know Muhammad Rule was called caliphate Jihad-striving against evil Encouraged and justified expansion Right Guided Caliphs

Right Guided Caliphs 634 AD Muslim state controlled Arabia Umar second caliph conquered Syria and Egypt Uthman and Ali expanded territory from Atlantic ocean to Indus River Right Guided Caliphs

Reasons for Success Muhammad had expressed desire to spread Islam Victories a sign of Allah’s support Gave energy and inspiration Willing to struggle Reasons for Success

Reasons for Success Muslim armies well trained and disciplined Weakness in other empires Persecuted people often welcomed invaders Attracted to message of equality and hope Reasons for Success

Treatment of Conquered People Muslims allowed conquered people to keep their religions Christians and Jews paid a poll tax in exchange for exception of military duties Subject to various restriction Could not spread religion but could be officials and scholars Treatment of Conquered People

Internal Conflict Creates Crisis 656 Uthman murdered Ali rightful ruler Challenged by Muyawiya governor of Syria Ali was assassinated Umayyads-family that came to power Internal Conflict Creates Crisis

Internal Conflict and Crisis Moved Muslim capitol to Damascus Made controlling conquered territories easier Surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony Started a split Internal Conflict and Crisis

Sunni- Shi’a Split Majority of Muslims adopted Umayyads rule Shi’a- party of Ali Caliph needed to be a descendant of Muhammad Sunni- Umayyads became know as followers of Muhammad’s example Sufi-life of poverty and devotion Sunni- Shi’a Split

Control Extends Over Three Continents Abbasid came to power in 750 Murders the Umayyad family Abh al-Rahmanb escaped to Spain Set up Umayyad caliphate Control Extends Over Three Continents

Abbasids Consolidate Power Moved capitol to Baghdad Key route gave caliphs access to trade good Developed strong bureracracy Treasury kept track of money flows Special department managed the army Abbasids Consolidate Power

Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands Abbasids taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim wealth Rival groups divide Muslim lands 1258 Fatimid caliphate was formed Desecendant from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands

Muslim Trade Networks Started in Africa and spread to the Red Sea Engaged in sea trade with the world Land connected China, India, Europe and Africa Merchants needed a single language Single currency Muslim Trade Networks

Muslim Trade Networks Muslims set up banks in cities (money changers) Offered letters of credit (sakks) Could exchange it for cash in any other city Europe pronounced it as check Muslim Trade Networks

Muslim Trade Networks Cordoba-10 century had a population of 200,000 Paris had 38,000 City attracted, poets, philosophers, and scientists Cordoba, Damascus, Cairo and Baghdad fueled period of immense achievements in the arts and sciences Muslim Trade Networks