Decision Making

Schmidt’s simple information processing model Decision Making Introduction INPUT OUTPUT STIMULUS IDENTIFICATION RESPONSE SELECTION RESPONSE PROGRAMMING Schmidt’s simple information processing model Having used memory to identify a stimulus that comes from our senses, the next stage in the information processing model is to make a decision about how to respond to the information that has been received. This is called the RESPONSE SELECTION STAGE

Decision Making Introduction RESPONSE SELECTION DEFINITION Deciding how to respond, deciding what to do. EXAMPLE: In Basketball, should I catch the ball and if so how?... DECISION MAKING is sometimes called ‘THE TRANSLATION PROCESS’ and can be thought of as taking place in a tube. Once entered the tube it cannot leave the tube until it has been completed This is known as THE SINGLE CHANNEL HYPOTHESIS. It explains that until one stimulus has had a decision made about it, another cannot be acted upon STUDENT TASK Draw a bottle with a neck and label the diagram. Use the bottle neck to explain the single channel hypothesis

Exam Questions Complete the following exam questions

Lesson Objectives WE ARE LEARNING TO... Understand the different methods of improving reaction time Understand the different factors that can affect reaction time Understand the difference between temporal and spatial anticipation

Males generally have quicker reactions than females Factors Affecting Reaction Time Present these factors as a mind map Limb Used Age Gender The further away from the brain the slower the reaction time. Feet are slower to react than hands Our reaction time gets quicker until we reach the age of 20. it then progressively gets slower Males generally have quicker reactions than females

Factors Affecting Reaction Time Senses Stimulus Intensity Warning If you are expecting a stimulus then reaction time is reduced. Eg. The sprinter is expecting the gun after they hear “set” If the stimulus is load or bright then reaction time is shortened Reaction time varies depending on what sense is receiving the stimulus

Factors Affecting Reaction Time Personality Arousal Body Temp Our Reactions are slowest when we are cold Extroverts usually have quicker reactions than introverts Optimal arousal leads to the quickest reaction times

Anticipation Spatial Anticipation Temporal Anticipation Skilled performers use past experiences to anticipate what is going to happen and actually processes information before the event Spatial Anticipation Is guessing a movement that will be needed. Temporal Anticipation Is when a performer predicts what is about to happen The value of anticipation is that it gives the performer more time to complete a skill, but can be less helpful if the performer anticipates a move and then the opposition sell a dummy

Exam Questions Using two examples from sport, explain how our reaction time can be improved (4 marks) Using two different examples from sport, explain how our reaction time can be improved (4 marks)

Conclusion Do you.... Understand the different methods of improving reaction time Understand the different factors that can affect reaction time Understand the difference between temporal and spatial anticipation

Decision Making

Lesson Objectives WE ARE LEARNING TO... Understand Hicks Law, and the single channel Hypothesis Understand how the Psychological Refractory Period can affect our performance

Starter Activity Complete the following worksheet. You must attempt to match up the correct definitions with the correct key words

Psychological Refractory Period When responding to a stimulus there is a short delay until the performer decides how to respond and then initiate an appropriate response. During this time, the brain cannot produce a response to any other stimulus. If a second stimulus is given, the reaction time is much slower than normal. This is called the PSYCHOLOGICAL REFRACTORY PERIOD. This serves to illustrate the single channel hypothesis. EXAMPLE The PRP process is used by performers to dummy or fake their opponents. The performer pretends to move one way, your opponent perceives these signals and decides to block your move. Meanwhile the performer starts to move the other way. Your opponent cannot immediately respond to your change in movement due to the single channel hypothesis. If they try to respond it id slower due to the PRP

Psychological Refractory Period We are only able to process one piece of information at a time Any additional stimuli can not be processed until the initial one has been dealt with This Causes a delay ( PRP) The Psychological Refractory Period lengthens our reaction time ? Knowledge of the PRP is useful in sport as we can confuse our opponents by giving them lots of stimuli to deal with Eg: selling the dummy ? ? ? ? Copy figure 8.6 on page 97

Exam Questions 1. In games, performers will try to create a 2v1 situation. Explain in terms of information processing, why a 2v1 should cause a defenders response time to be slower (6 marks)

Decision Making

Whiting’s Model Display Input data from display Refers to the range of actions and things that are happening in the surrounding environment of the performer Input data from display Involves information from the environment which enters the brain via the sense organs. E.g. Before catching a ball, the catcher sees the ball and is aware of the throwers movement, or another player shouts to warn of an impending tackle and the player is then aware of this other player

Whiting’s Model Receptor Systems Refers to the sense organs which receive information Perceptual Mechanism Is the part of the brain which perceives the surroundings and gives them meaning Translatory Mechanism The part of the brain which makes decisions and sorts out and processes the few relevant bits of information from the many inputs from the surroundings

Whiting’s Model Effector Mechanism Is the part of the brain which carries out the decisions and sends messages to the limbs and parts of the body via the nervous system Output Involves the effector mechanism and muscle movement. The nerves send messages to the muscles which move in order for the ball to be caught Feedback Data Is information which is used during and after an action or movement which enables a performer to adjust or change performance according to this new information

Lesson Objectives WE ARE LEARNING TO... Understand the importance of motor programmes and sub routines Understand the factors that affect the efficiency of the information processing model

Motor Programmes & Sub Routines Motor Programme Definition A generalised series of movements stored in the long term memory. Motor programmes are developed through well informed practice over a long period of time Part of the decision making process is the selection of the motor programme that is to be used for a movement. Motor programmes govern which muscles contract , in what order and with what timing Practice helps to develop new, effective, stable motor programmes. Practice makes complex motor programmes simpler to use and reduces information processing needed to run them.

Motor Programmes & Sub Routines Highly skilled performers can learn motor programmes as sub routines (smaller parts) Example: A Tennis serve is an example of a motor programme. Tennis Serve Feet Position Recovery Body Position Racket Swing Follow Through You learn a motor programme as a response to a situation. You remember that motor programme and if the situation arises you repeat the motor programme. The LTM has a store of muscle commands. Once a programme is run muscles receive impulses in a predetermined sequence, at predetermined intervals.

Motor Programmes & Sub Routines Think of another example of where a performer can learn a motor programme in sub routines. Record your answers

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Information Processing We will now read and highlight the following information under the following headings Selective Attention Retention in memory Improving reaction time Why skills break down

Exam Questions When analysing movements, what do you understand by the terms motor programme and sub routines? (2 marks)

Conclusion Do you... Understand how the Psychological Refractory Period can affect our performance Understand Hicks Law, and the single channel Hypothesis Understand the importance of motor programmes and sub routines Understand the factors that affect the efficiency of the information processing model