RIGGING FUNDAMENTALS PRESENTED BY: HENNEPIN TECHNICAL COLLEGE IN PARTNERSHIP WITH FEDERAL OSHA SUSAN HARWOOD GRANT This material was produced under Grant # SH F-27 from the OSHA, U.S. Dept of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Dept of Labor, nor does mentioning of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Rigging Fundamentals Part II

WHY ARE WE HERE? Rigging Fundamentals

Why Are We Here? Crane and Rigging Accidents – An annual average of 22 construction workers were killed in crane-related incidents from 1992 to 2006, according to The Center for Construction Research and Training. OSHA regulations and standards Because we care about you, your co-workers, and your families. – Everyone is entitled to go home from work, EVERY DAY!

Operating Limitations Crane Capacity Charts – Mobile Crane Boom angle Boom extension – Overhead Crane – Static versus Dynamic loads Slings and Hardware – Vertical capacity – Basket capacity – Choker capacity – Bridle capacity OPERATING LIMITATIONS What are the OPERATING LIMITATIONS of the crane and rigging?

HOISTSAFE HowH heavy is the load? What are theO operating limitations of the crane and rigging? When was the lastI inspection performed? S T S A F E

SLING INSPECTION HOISTSAFE INSPECTION When was the last INSPECTION performed?

Every sling inspection must be documented. 1. True 2. False

OSHA ASME B30.9 Reasons – Ensure safe equipment – Gain knowledge and experience: Nature of lifts being made Sling usage Operator competence Inspections – Daily / Periodic before use (NO records) – Minimum annual with records – Frequently, as warranted Record Keeping – Most recent report – Test certificates INSPECTION When was the last INSPECTION performed?

Periodic inspection of slings should be performed by a competent person. 1. True 2. False

Daily / Period Inspection shall competent person A thorough periodic inspection of slings shall be performed by a competent person designated by the employer and shall include a thorough inspection for: Wear Deformation Elongation Sharp traverse nicks and gouges in chain Cuts Corrosion Heat damage Hardware – Latches for proper seating, operation and distortion – Hooks for wear and distortion INSPECTION When was the last INSPECTION performed?

HOISTSAFE HowH heavy is the load? What are theO operating limitations of the crane and rigging? When was the lastI inspection performed? How willS sling angles affect lifting capacity? T S A F E

Sling Angle

A 24-can case of beer weighs… pounds pounds pounds pounds

Beer Facts One can of beer weighs 13.1 ounces One can of beer weighs 13.1 ounces – 13.1 oz. x 24 cans = oz. The cardboard box weighs 7 ounces The cardboard box weighs 7 ounces – = oz oz. ÷ 16 oz. per pound oz. ÷ 16 oz. per pound 20 pounds 20 pounds

How much does it weigh? SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

How heavy does it feel? SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

Sling Angle Factor SLING ANGLE CHART Angle from Horizontal [A] S.A.F. [L ÷ H] 90° ° ° °2.000 A

Sling Angle Factor

Worksheet Problem #4  What is the load on each chain? a. One of these four barrels is empty b. Angle is 30 degrees c. 3400# Total weight Answer Choices 1. 1,700# 2. 2,268# 3. 2,266# #

Sling Angle Factor WS Problem # 4 SLING ANGLE CHART Angle from Horizontal [A] S.A.F. [L ÷ H] 90° ° ° °2.000 A

Worksheet Problem #4 How many legs will actually carry the load? – Three

Worksheet Problem #4 What is the share of the vertical load? – 1, #

Worksheet Problem #4 What is the load factor? – 3’ ÷ 1.5’ = 2.0

Worksheet Problem #4 What is the tension in each sling leg? – 2.0 x 1,133# = 2,266# – 2.0 x 1,134# = 2,268#

Worksheet Problem #4 1. 1,700# 2. 2,268# 3. 2,266# #

Worksheet Problem #5  What is the angular load on the strap? a. The nylon strap is 10 feet long b. With hooks it has an 11 foot total length c. The crane ring is 3 feet above the hooks on the tank d. The tank weighs 6400# Answer Choices: 1. 1,746# 2. 5,856# 3. 5,888# 4. 6,400#

Worksheet Problem #5 What is the share of the load? – 6,400# ÷ 2 = 3,200#

Worksheet Problem #5 What is the load factor? – 11 ft ÷ 2 = 5.5 ft – 5.5 ÷ 3 = Which load factor should one use? – 1.83 – 1.84 – 2.00

Worksheet Problem #5 What is the tension in each sling leg? – 3,200# x = 5, # – 3200# x 1.83 = 5,856# – 3200# x 1.84 = 5,888# – 3200# x 2.00 = 6,400#

Worksheet Problem #5 What other factors might affect sling capacity? – Wet environment for synthetic slings – Dynamic loading as object enters and leaves water

Worksheet Problem #5 1. 1,746# 2. 5,856# 3. 5,888# 4. 6,400#

Grade 80 Alloy Chain Slings Single Chain Trade Size Chain SizeWorking Load Limit (lbs) 9/32”.2793,500 3/8”.4047,100 ½”.52912,000 5/8”.62518,100 ¾”.80128,300 7/8”.88134,200 1” , /4” ,300 SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

Grade 80 Alloy Chain Slings Double90°60°45°30° Chain Trade Size Chain SizeWorking Load Limit (lbs) 9/32”.2797,0006,1004,9003,500 3/8”.40414,20012,30010,0007,100 ½”.52924,00020,80017,00012,000 5/8”.62536,20031,30025,60018,100 ¾”.80156,60049,00040,00028,300 7/8”.88168,40059,20048,40034,200 1” ,40082,60067,40047, /4” ,600125,200102,20072,300 SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

Grade 80 Alloy Chain Slings T & Q90°60°45°30° Chain Trade Size Chain SizeWorking Load Limit (lbs) 9/32”.27910,5009,1007,4005,200 3/8”.40421,30018,40015,10010,600 ½”.52936,00031,20025,50018,000 5/8”.62554,30047,00038,40027,100 ¾”.80184,90073,50060,00042,200 7/8” ,60088,90072,50051,300 1” ,100123,900101,20071, /4” ,900187,800153,400108,400 SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

Wire Rope Slings Mechanical Splice Slings – Single Part Body – IPS – 6 x 19 IWRC RATED CAPACITY (lbs.) Basket Hitch – Sling Angle Size (in.)VerticalChoker90 ° 60 ° 45 ° 1 / 41, ,2001,9401,580 3 / 82,4001,8404,8004,2003,400 1 / 24,4003,2008,8007,6006,200 5 / 86,8005,00013,60011,8009,600 3 / 49,8007,20019,60017,00013,800 7 / 813,2009,60026,00022,00018, ,00012,60034,00030,00024,000 1 – 1 / 820,00015,80040,00034,00028,000 D/d ratio is 20 or greater SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

Sling Angle – Unequal Legs

SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity? D1 = 3’ D2 = 7’ H = 4’ S1 = 5’ S2 = 8’ L = 1,000#

Sling 1 Tension = Load x D2 x S1/(H(D1 + D2)) Tension = 1,000 x 7 x 5/(4(3+7)) Tension = 1,000 x 7 x 5/40 Tension = 1,000 x 7 x Tension = 875#

Sling 2 Tension = Load x D1 x S2/(H(D1 + D2)) Tension = 1,000 x 3 x 8/(4(3+7)) Tension = 1,000 x 3 x 8/40 Tension = 1,000 x 3 x 0.2 Tension = 600#

Sling Angle – Unequal Legs SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity? S1 = 875# S2 = 600# L = 1,000#

Sling Angle – Spreader Beam Distributes load evenly without excessive sling angles Requires greater headroom clearance SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

Vertical Basket Hitch Two times the single leg capacity Legs must be vertical to within 5 degrees D/d must be greater than 20/1 SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity? D d

Double Wrap Basket Hitch Excellent load control for loose materials and good grip on smooth surfaces. Twice the single leg capacity. Sling wrap must be lay side by side Do not overlap at bottom of load Adjust sling as slack is taken up SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

Choker Hitch 75-80% OF SINGLE LEG CAPACITY ANGLE OF CHOKE MUST BE GREATER THAN 120 DEGREES SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity? 120 degrees

Double Wrap Choker Hitches EXCELLENT LOAD CONTROL FOR LOOSE MATERIALS AND GRIP ON SMOOTH SURFACES 75-80% OF SINGLE LEG CAPACITY ANGLE OF CHOKE MUST BE GREATER THAN 120 DEGREES SLING WRAP MUST LAY SIDE BY SIDE DO NOT OVERLAP AT BOTTOM OF LOAD SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

Sling Angles – Edge Protection When edges are sharp or abrasive – Sling damage may occur When sling angle become shallow. – Lateral loading may crush object being lifted. SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

Sling Angles Sling tension – Loads tend to hang vertically – Forcing load points away from vertical requires force – Reaction to the force increases sling tension Crush Force – The result of forcing load points away from vertical Cribbing – Protects the sling from being damaged – Protects the load from being crushed SLING ANGLES How will SLING ANGLES affect lifting capacity?

HOISTSAFE HowH heavy is the load? What are theO operating limitations of the crane and rigging? When was the lastI inspection performed? How willS sling angles affect lifting capacity? Have you performed aT test lift to check stability? S A F E

LOAD STABILITY HOISTSAFE TEST LIFT Have you performed a TEST LIFT to verify stability?

Load Stability Capture the Center-of- Gravity – When suspended an object will always center itself under the lift point – Center the lift above the center of gravity, not the physical center of the object – Calculating the C.G. TEST LIFT Have you performed a TEST LIFT to verify stability?

Center of Gravity TEST LIFT Have you performed a TEST LIFT to verify stability?

Center of Gravity TEST LIFT Have you performed a TEST LIFT to verify stability?

HOISTSAFE HowH heavy is the load? What are theO operating limitations of the crane and rigging? When was the lastI inspection performed? How willS sling angles affect lifting capacity? Have you performed aT test lift to check stability? Move the load withS smooth and steady actions A F E