SCM 330 Ocean Discovery through Technology Area F GE

Platforms: Ships and Buoys

First Oceanographic Vessels HMS Beagle - Unpaid naturalist and “dinner companion” on board HMS Beagle for 4.5 yr – Charles Darwin: –Theory of evolution –Atoll theory still excepted –On the Origin of Species

Challenger Expedition Charles Wyville Thomson directed the cruise A primary goal of the cruise was to resolve the controversy over life in the abyss of the oceans Royal Society of London sponsored the voyage and wanted measures of:  The chemical composition of seawater  The distribution of life forms at all depths  Coastal and ocean currents  The sedimentary deposits blanketing the seafloor Accomplishments:  More than 360 deep--sea soundings (Marianas Trench, 8185 m)  Hundreds of deep-sea dredgings (bottom samples)  Trawls and water temperature profiles  Nearly 5000 new species discovered  First comprehensive survey of ocean salinity and depths  Found sea-life as deep as 9 kilometers (5.6 mi)  Findings published in 50 volumes

Fridjof Nansen: wanted to test his ideas about the direction of ice drift in the Arctic Ocean by freezing a vessel into the ice pack and drifting with it to reach the North Pole Also famous for inventing the Nansen bottle/sled Fram (to push forward) was specially-built for the trip 38 m (123 ft) wooden ship with planks 1.2 m (4 ft) thick w/ smoothly-rounded hull Fram Nansen Fram’s drift across Arctic ice pack ( )

Voyage of the German Meteor ( ) Studied the South Atlantic Ocean Led by George Wüst Model for four-layer circulation of Atlantic Ocean Used acoustic depth sounders to create detailed maps

Voyage of the German Meteor ( )

Oceanographic groups Office of Naval Research (ONR) National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Adminsitration (NOAA) National Science Foundation Ocean Sciences program Offshore Drilling Program (formerly DSDP, now IODP) Examples include: GLOBEC (Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics) JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study) RIDGE (Ridge Interdisciplinary Global Experiment) Future programs include Ocean Observation Program, Office of Ocean Exploration. Numerous Academic Institutions

P1: Aft Gantry P2: Trawl Post P3: Hydraulic Boom P4: Scientific Crane P5: Steering Gear P6: Seismic Compressors P7: Scientific Hold P8: Trawl/Biological Winch Room P9: Stern Thruster P10: Traction Winch Room P11: Gravity Meter Room P12: Transducer Space P13: Precision Echo Sounder Gantry P14: Ship's Stores' Crane P15: Scientific Crane P16: Bow Thruster P17: Foremast P18: Main Cargo Crane P19: Cabins P20: Scientist/Officer's Lounge P21: Wheelhouse P22: Satellite Comms P23: Chief Scientist's Suite P24: Midships Gantry P25: Aft Crane P26: Gilson Winches P27: Laboratories P28: Meteorological Platform

Seismic vessels

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute R/V Atlantis Coast Guard Cutter Healy 4 ½ feet of ice continuously at a speed of three knots 8 feet of ice by "backing and ramming"

Flow-through water sampling Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) Clean power Dedicated Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD), conducting wire winch R/V Knorr R/VOceanus R/V Tioga IMET meterological sensor system: Wind speed and direction Air temperature Barometric pressure Relative humidity Short wave solar radiation Sea surface temperature Precipitation

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) RAFOS Float (SOund Fixing And Ranging) Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) Sensors Video Plankton Recorder (VPR) Gravity Corer

Towcam

University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) Consortium of 64 academic institution, fleet of 28 ships 2004/2005 Objectives –Access, Scheduling & Utilization –Scheduling Improvements MMPA/ESA –Permitting Outreach and Education Continuous Improvement –Quality Improvement –Standards of Service –Plan for Future Facilities –Fleet Renewal Facilities Improvement Planning –Icebreaker Renewal –Submergence Vehicle Renewal –Seismic Research Vessel

Scripps Oceanographic Institution R/V Roger Revelle R/V Melville R/V New Horizon R/V Robert Gordon Sproul

R/P Flip 355 feet long 30 foot wave = 3 feet of movement wave height acoustic signals water temperature and density collection of meteorological data

U of W: R/V Thompson 274 feet long 7000 Horsepower 4000 gallons per day (freshwater) 300-foot radius of its station –11 foot waves – 2-knot current – 27-knot wind 200 tons of scientific equipment Foom hoods, compressed air, cool room, and freezer

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) History of deep ocean Sediment data over time, CO2, O2, other nutients Geological data (plate tectonics) Gas, oil, other fossil fuels

Moorings Provide information about a fixed point over time and space Time and money efficient Data streamed in to laboratory Biofouling BreveBuster, ADCP, fluorometer, backscatter, cameras, CTD’s, wind, waves, nutrients, sonar, etc.

20 vessels Thousands of moorings Wave model output Sea Surface Temperature Sea Ice Concentration Vessel icing rates Fog and visibility Surface winds HAB’s Surface currents Chlorophyll

Beaufort Shelf Edge Mooring Array (WHOI) tightly spaced line of 8 moorings situated across the Beaufort continental slope moored profilers high resolution CTD/velocity section several times a day over a two-year period

Chukchi Outflow Mooring Array (UW/UAF) transmissometer (clarity of the water) fluorometer (amount of chlorophyll) PAR sensor (amount of sunlight at given depth) NAS-2e nutrient analyzer (measures dissolved nitrate) current meter upward-looking ADCP

Platforms: Ships and Buoys