Dr Jeremy Pritchard Human Evolution: an overview.

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Presentation transcript:

Dr Jeremy Pritchard Human Evolution: an overview

o Hominoid: Great apes and humans o Hominid: Closer to us than gorillas and chimps

o Humans did not evolve from Apes o You are descended from your mother and father o You are related to your aunt and cousin Dad Mum Aunt Uncle You Cuz

Common ancestor

Contemporary animals

Contemporary animals Fossil s

Organisms with common features are likely to have a more recent common ancestor.

Locomotion

Brachiation: o Grip o Stereo vision

Humerus Femur

1. Chimpanzee 2. Australopithecus africanus 3. Homo erectus 4. Homo sapiens

Brain size

Primate Characteristics/Trends o Brains larger than other animals

Log body weight (g) Log brain weight (g) Brains larger than other animals Brains larger than other animals in relation to body size

sex age stature race/species pathological conditions skeletal trauma Information from the skeleton

Trauma

Proconsul

Sahelanthropus tchadensis close to the common ancestor of humans and 7 million years

Australopithecus afarensis Lucy, discovered in Ethiopia in 1974.

Australopithecus africanus Southern Ape of Africa

Don ’ t run before you can walk

Homo habilis (ca mya)

Homo erectus (1.6 mya-300 kya)

Homo neanderthal Homo erectus Homo sapiens ramapithicusAustralopithicus africanus Homo habilis

Skull radius (cm)Brian volume (cm3)

Neanderthals (ca kya)

o Restricted to Europe, eastern Middle East during Ice Age o Evolved to be cold-adapted: –Short and stocky –Large nose (for warming air) –Barrel chest (for warming air) –Long, low, thick skull but with large Brain

Neanderthals are not our ancestors

Krings et al 1997 Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans NOT our ancestors….

Are we still evolving? Microevolution: change in gene frequency - YES Macro evolution : formation of species - NO

Are we still evolving? Some parts of Africa have seen an increase in the frequency of a gene called CCR5-32 Protects against infection with HIV-1. May have been selected for during bubonic plague

25,000 genes 25, 000 genes Human Evolution - Chimps are our closest relative