a. example 1 A is the common ancestor of all vertebrates RAY-FINNED FISHES AMPHIBIANS MAMMALS TURTLES CROCODILES BIRDS DINOSAURS TIME PRESENT A B C D E F B is the common ancestor of all land vertebrates C is the common ancestor of all calcium shell laying animals D is the common ancestor of animals with scales covering some or all of body E is the common ancestor of all animals with a single opening in side of skull F is the common ancestor of all animals with ‘wing-like’ limb bones

note that all living species end up at the same point on the page eg. dinosaurs are extinct the length of the line indicates how long it has been since the species branched off

Example of a cladogram showing the relatedness of HIV isolates

b. Table pg 608 has information that will be used to build the cladograms on pg 609 c. Using Genetic Evidence pg 611 shows an example

lamprey jaws pike lungs lung fish bony shell turtle hair wolf grasping hands human gorilla c. pg 609 TRY THIS do this as exercise

Now work on “Cladogram worksheet” #3  the cladogram here will include extinct species assume that if a species does not change, it dies out  on Moodle the pictures can be found if you wish to manipulate on the screen & print