Classification of Living Things: Classification Major Kingdoms

History of Classification  Aristotle 384 BC 384 BC Species were identified as Plants or Animals Species were identified as Plants or Animals

History of Classification  Carolus Linnaeus Developed our modern classification system Developed our modern classification system Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature (two names) (two names) Ex. Homo sapiensEx. Homo sapiens CAPITALIZEDlowercase Italicize!!!

Linnaean Classification  Organizes organisms into groups and subgroups based on evolutionary relationships  Often revised when new relationships are discovered (DNA evidence) Example: Pseudocalanus spp. Example: Pseudocalanus spp.

Classification levels:  Kingdom (broad)  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species (specific)

6 Kingdoms of Life Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates and WH Freeman

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Prokaryotic Kingdoms  The Monera Kingdom  split into Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria  Only kingdoms of prokaryotic organisms  Have a cell wall  Lack membrane-bound organelles  Lack multicellular forms.

Kingdom Archaebacteria  Unicellular  Prokayotic  Extreme environments (near volcanic activity)  don’t need oxygen, light  Three divisions of archaebacteria: Methanogens: methane producing organisms Methanogens: methane producing organisms Thermophiles: These can live in extremely hot, acidic environments like sulfur springs. Thermophiles: These can live in extremely hot, acidic environments like sulfur springs. Halophiles: Can only live in bodies of concentrated salt water, like the Dead Sea. Halophiles: Can only live in bodies of concentrated salt water, like the Dead Sea.

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA  Unicellular  Prokaryotic  Extreme environments  HETEROTROPHS: This bacteria lives about anywhere, including in your body in the form of a parasite. This bacteria lives about anywhere, including in your body in the form of a parasite.  AUTOTROPHS: Obtain energy through photosynthesis. Obtain energy through photosynthesis. blue-green bacteria  chlorophyll blue-green bacteria  chlorophyll They live in chains in ponds, lakes, and moist regions.They live in chains in ponds, lakes, and moist regions.  CHEMOTROPHS: Produce energy by converting inorganic matter into organic matter. Produce energy by converting inorganic matter into organic matter.

Kingdom Protista  The most ancient eukaryotic kingdom  A variety of eukaryotic body forms: Can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular Can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Basically eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants. Basically eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants.

Kingdom Fungi  Eukaryotic  Heterotrophic  Usually multicellular group  multinucleated cells enclosed in cells with cell walls  Obtain energy by decomposition and absorption  Some fungi  Cause disease (yeast infections, rusts, and smuts), Cause disease (yeast infections, rusts, and smuts), Others are useful in baking, brewing, and sources for antibiotics. Others are useful in baking, brewing, and sources for antibiotics.

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Kingdom Plantae  Immobile  Multicellular eukaryotes  Produce their food by photosynthesis (autotrophs)  Cell wall (cellulose)  Important sources of oxygen, food, and clothing/construction materials, as well as pigments, spices, dyes, and drugs.

Kingdom Animalia  Multicellular  Heterotrophic eukaryotes  Mobile at some stage during their lives  Lack cell walls  Animals provide food, clothing, fats, scents, companionship, and labor.

Cladistics Organisms are defined and grouped based on shared features (called characters) derived from a common ancestor. Organisms are defined and grouped based on shared features (called characters) derived from a common ancestor.

Cladistics U ses branching diagrams called cladograms

Parts of a Cladogram Feature(s) or Character(s) Node  Name of Group Organism Branches

Reading a Cladogram  Each “V” shows organisms that share a common ancestor Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B Organism B Organism A

Reading a Cladogram  The smaller the V, the more closely related the organisms are… Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B Organism B Organism A …and the more characters they share…

Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B Organism B Organism A …and the more characters they share…

Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B Organism B Organism A All the characters below the V!

Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A, B and C Organism B Organism A Organism C

Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A, B, C and D Organism B Organism A Organism C Organism D

Reading a Cladogram Common Ancestor of Organisms A, B, C, D and E Organism B Organism A Organism C Organism D Organism E

Step 1: Make a table NESSNESN64GameCube Wii Remote Directional Pad Curved Edge Control Stick Wireless Motion Sensitive

Step 2: Complete a Venn Diagram

Step 3: Draw a Cladogram